Question

Which of the following proposed pathogenic mechanisms in ALS are considered mutually exclusive (present in isolation) of other proposed mechanisms of disease? a. glutamate excitotoxicity b. generation of free radicals c. disrupted axoplasmic flow d. altered calcium homeostasis e. all of the above f. none of the above

Short answer

Answer: f. None of the above.

Step-by-step solution

(1) Understand the pathogenic mechanisms in ALS

To solve this problem, we need to have a clear idea about the proposed pathogenic mechanisms of ALS mentioned in the options (a) glutamate excitotoxicity; (b) generation of free radicals; (c) disrupted axoplasmic flow; (d) altered calcium homeostasis.

(2) Analyze the options

Now we need to evaluate each choice to find any relationship or dependency between the different mechanisms. We should analyze if any mechanism can occur independently, without the presence of the others. a. Glutamate excitotoxicity: This mechanism suggests that excessive glutamate (a neurotransmitter) can lead to uncontrolled stimulation of nerves, causing damage and cell death. It is plausible that this mechanism can occur independently of the other mechanisms mentioned in the list. b. Generation of free radicals: The production of free radicals can cause oxidative stress and damage the nerve cells. This mechanism can also happen independently and is not mutually exclusive with the others. c. Disrupted axoplasmic flow: Disrupted axoplasmic flow can affect the proper functioning and viability of nerve cells. It is also a mechanism capable of occurring without the direct influence of the others. d. Altered calcium homeostasis: Calcium plays an essential role in cellular processes, and alterations in calcium homeostasis can lead to nerve cell degeneration. This pathogenic mechanism can also arise independently. e. All of the above: This option suggests that all the named mechanisms are mutually exclusive. As we have analyzed, these mechanisms are capable of occurring independently, but they are not mutually exclusive as some could co-occur in the context of ALS. f. None of the above: This choice would indicate that none of the listed mechanisms are mutually exclusive, which is incorrect based on our analysis.

(3) Select the appropriate answer

Since none of the proposed mechanisms are mutually exclusive, we can conclude that the correct answer is: f. None of the above.