Question

Regarding the cytotoxicity of inflammation, which statement is not correct? a. Both oxygen and nitrogen reactive species can participate in the deleterious effects of inflammation. b. Inactivation of NADPH-oxidase, but not of nitric oxide synthase matigates MPTP-induced neurodegeneration in mice. c. The detrimental effects of inflammation on dopaminergic neurons can be mediated by soluble factors. d. Astrocytes and microglial cells can mutually modulate their degree of activation. e. Dopaminergic neurons express receptors for various deleterious cytokines.

Short answer

a) Both oxygen and nitrogen reactive species can participate in the deleterious effects of inflammation. b) Inactivation of NADPH-oxidase, but not of nitric oxide synthase mitigates MPTP-induced neurodegeneration in mice. c) The detrimental effects of inflammation on dopaminergic neurons can be mediated by soluble factors. d) Astrocytes and microglial cells can mutually modulate their degree of activation. e) Dopaminergic neurons express receptors for various deleterious cytokines. Answer: b) Inactivation of NADPH-oxidase, but not of nitric oxide synthase mitigates MPTP-induced neurodegeneration in mice.

Step-by-step solution

Understand each statement

In this step, read all the statements carefully and ensure that you understand them. If necessary, you can further research certain terms or concepts that are not clear.

Evaluate statement a

Assess the correctness of statement a: "Both oxygen and nitrogen reactive species can participate in the deleterious effects of inflammation." This statement is correct. These reactive species can cause cellular damage during inflammation by attacking biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNA.

Evaluate statement b

Assess the correctness of statement b: "Inactivation of NADPH-oxidase, but not of nitric oxide synthase mitigates MPTP-induced neurodegeneration in mice." This statement is not correct. Both the inactivation of NADPH-oxidase and nitric oxide synthase can help protect against MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition has been shown to provide neuroprotection in animal models of Parkinson's disease.

Evaluate statement c

Assess the correctness of statement c: "The detrimental effects of inflammation on dopaminergic neurons can be mediated by soluble factors." This statement is correct. Soluble factors such as cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators can adversely affect dopaminergic neurons and contribute to neurodegeneration.

Evaluate statement d

Assess the correctness of statement d: "Astrocytes and microglial cells can mutually modulate their degree of activation." This statement is correct. These cell types interact with each other in the central nervous system and can influence each other's activation state, which can have implications for inflammation and neurodegeneration.

Evaluate statement e

Assess the correctness of statement e: "Dopaminergic neurons express receptors for various deleterious cytokines." This is correct. Expression of these receptors makes dopaminergic neurons more vulnerable to the harmful effects of inflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

Identify the incorrect statement

Based on the evaluation in the previous steps, the incorrect statement is b: "Inactivation of NADPH-oxidase, but not of nitric oxide synthase mitigates MPTP-induced neurodegeneration in mice."