Question

One of the following molecules should play an active role in transcriptional upregulation of memory genes in the CNS. Identify that molecule. a. CRED b. bad c. bax d. HDAC c. Lingo

Short answer

Answer: CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein)

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the role of each molecule

Before we can identify which molecule is involved in the transcriptional upregulation of memory genes in the CNS, let's first understand the function of each molecule: a. CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) - This is a cellular transcription factor that binds to specific DNA sequences called cAMP response elements (CREs), thereby increasing or decreasing the transcription of certain genes. It is known to be involved in the regulation of memory formation and synaptic plasticity in the brain. b. bad (Bcl-2-associated death promoter) - This is a pro-apoptotic protein involved in promoting cell death. c. bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein) - Another pro-apoptotic protein that promotes cell death. d. HDAC (Histone Deacetylase) - This is an enzyme involved in epigenetic gene regulation by removing acetyl groups from histones, thereby altering chromatin structure and affecting gene expression. It has been implicated in several neurological disorders. e. Lingo (Leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin-like domain-containing nogo receptor-interacting protein) - This is a protein involved in the inhibition of axonal growth and regeneration in the CNS.

Identifying the molecule involved in transcriptional upregulation of memory genes in the CNS

From the functions of the molecules listed above, it is evident that only CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) plays a role in memory formation and synaptic plasticity in the brain by binding to specific DNA sequences and regulating the transcription of certain genes. Therefore, the correct answer is: a. CREB

Key concepts

CREB

CREB, short for cAMP response element-binding protein, is a crucial transcription factor in the brain. It's like a master key, turning on certain genes necessary for brain functions. CREB does its magic by binding to cAMP response elements (CREs) in DNA. When it binds, it can either ramp up or dial down the transcription of target memory genes.

• CREB is pivotal for memory formation.
• It’s involved in synaptic plasticity, which is the brain's ability to change and adapt throughout life.
• Controls gene expression pivotal for various brain functions.

When something needs to be remembered, CREB is there to help lay down that memory trace. If CREB were not active, our ability to remember and learn new things could be significantly impaired.

Memory Genes

Memory genes are like the 'documents' that CREB reads and works on. They are specific genes that, when active, help neurons strengthen their connections. This strengthening is essential for forming new memories.

• Many memory genes are dependent on transcription factors like CREB.
• They are critical for the long-term storage of memories.
• Memory genes contribute to various cognitive processes.

With the help of transcription factors, these genes can change their expression, thus participating in the dynamic processes of learning and memory. When CREB activates these genes, it sets in motion the molecular machinery needed for synaptic plasticity.

Transcriptional Regulation

Transcriptional regulation is a bit like the steering wheel of a car; it directs how much of a particular gene gets turned into the corresponding protein. It’s all about being precise in how and when genes are expressed. CREB plays a significant role in this regulation process.

• It involves promoting or hindering transcription by binding to DNA at specific sites.
• Transcription factors like CREB assist in activating memory-associated genes.
• It’s crucial for adapting gene expression to external stimuli like learning.

When CREB binds to DNA, it usually signals for increased transcription, turning up the production of proteins that solidify learning and memory processes.

Central Nervous System

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is often referred to as the control center of the body. It includes the brain and spinal cord and orchestrates everything from relaying messages throughout the body to processing information. Within the CNS, processes like memory formation heavily involve transcriptional regulation.

• The CNS is where memory formation and recall primarily happen.
• Transcription factors such as CREB are vital for CNS functionality.
• It coordinates with the peripheral nervous system for a seamless operation of bodily functions.

Any disruption in how genes are transcribed in the CNS can vastly affect cognitive abilities, highlighting the importance of proteins like CREB in maintaining brain health.