Question

A client has an order for Dilantin (phenytoin) \(.2 \mathrm{~g}\) orally twice a day. The medication is available in \(100 \mathrm{mg}\) capsules. For the morning medication, the nurse should administer: A. 1 capsule B. 2 capsules C. 3 capsules D. 4 capsules

Short answer

Answer: B. 2 capsules.

Step-by-step solution

Convert grams to milligrams

Since the prescription is given in grams and the medication is available in milligrams, we need to convert the prescribed dosage from grams to milligrams. We know that 1 gram = 1000 milligrams. So, to convert \(.2 \mathrm{~g}\) to milligrams, we will multiply by 1000: \(.2 \mathrm{~g} \times 1000 = 200 \mathrm{~mg}\) .

Determine the number of capsules

Now, we will determine how many capsules are needed to provide the client with a 200 mg dose. Since each capsule contains 100 mg of the medication, simply divide the required dosage by the amount of medication in each capsule: \(200 \mathrm{~mg} \div 100 \mathrm{~mg} = 2 \mathrm{~capsules}\). So, the correct answer is: B. 2 capsules.

Key concepts

Pharmacology for Nurses

Understanding pharmacology is crucial for nurses, as it encompasses the knowledge of medications and their effects on the human body. Pharmacology informs nurses about the principles of drug actions, dosages, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects. For instance, the medication in the given exercise, Dilantin (phenytoin), is commonly used to control seizures. Knowing that Dilantin can affect the central nervous system and has a narrow therapeutic index, the nurse must be precise in administering the correct dose to avoid toxicity or underdosing.

For a safe and effective medication administration, a nurse must know the indications for the prescribed medication and understand its intended effect. A firm grasp of pharmacology also includes knowledge about different drug classifications, mechanisms of action, drug interactions, contraindications, and the body's response to the medication. This foundation allows nurses to anticipate the outcome of drug therapy and to be vigilant for any adverse effects that may occur.

Dosage Calculation Practice

Dosage calculation practice is an essential skill for nurses and involves a series of steps to ensure that patients receive the correct amount of medication. The process requires a systematic approach and often involves converting measurements, calculating the appropriate dose, and determining the best way to administer the medication.

In the exercise provided, the nurse calculated the dosage by converting grams to milligrams and then determined the number of capsules to administer based on the concentration of the medication.

Conversion and Calculation

The initial step is often unit conversion, as seen with the conversion of 0.2 grams to 200 milligrams. Following that, dosage calculation requires nurses to divide the total dosage required by the concentration of the medication available. Practicing these steps promotes accuracy and confidence in medication administration. Nurses should be comfortable with mathematics and have a strong understanding of measurement systems to skillfully perform these calculations.

Medication Administration for Nurses

Medication administration for nurses is a complex responsibility that requires attentiveness and precision. The 'rights' of medication administration—right patient, right drug, right dose, right time, and right route—guide nurses in delivering safe care.

Administering medication like Dilantin involves checking the patient's medication order, verifying the patient's identity, and ensuring that the dosage aligns with what is prescribed. Proper documentation is essential after giving the medication, noting the time, dose, and any observations or patient statements.

Monitoring After Administration

It is also important for the nurse to monitor the patient for therapeutic effects and adverse reactions. Because some drugs can have serious side effects, continuous assessment is key in identifying any issues early. Education is another component of medication administration, where nurses inform patients about the purpose, potential side effects, and correct usage of their medications. This holistic approach ensures that medication administration is not only accurate but also effective and safe.