Question

Bacterial cell walls are primarily composed of which of the following? a. phospholipid b. protein c. carbohydrate d. peptidoglycan

Short answer

d. peptidoglycan

Step-by-step solution

Understand the Question

The question is asking about the primary component of bacterial cell walls. We need to identify from the given options which one is the main substance in bacterial cell walls.

Analyze the Options

Look at the given options: a. phospholipid b. protein c. carbohydrate d. peptidoglycan.

Recall Biological Concepts

Recall from biology lessons that bacterial cell walls are known for their unique structural component, which provides rigidity and strength. This main component is not a typical carbohydrate, protein, or phospholipid.

Identify the Correct Component

The primary component of bacterial cell walls is peptidoglycan, which is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids forming a mesh-like structure outside the plasma membrane. None of the other options (phospholipid, protein, carbohydrate) exclusively form the main structure of bacterial cell walls.

Select the Correct Answer

From our analysis, it is clear that the primary component of bacterial cell walls is peptidoglycan. Therefore, the correct answer is option d. peptidoglycan.

Key concepts

peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan is the primary substance that makes up the cell walls of bacteria. It is a polymer, meaning it is made up of repeating units. Specifically, peptidoglycan is composed of sugars and amino acids. These units form a mesh-like layer that provides both strength and rigidity to the cell wall. This layer helps prevent the bacterial cell from bursting, especially in different environmental conditions where osmotic pressure can vary significantly. The unique structure of peptidoglycan is essential for the bacterium's survival and is also the target of many antibiotics, making it a crucial area of study in microbiology.

microbial cell structures

Microbial cell structures differ significantly from those of plants and animals. Bacteria, being one of the primary types of microbes, possess several unique features. One of the key components of a bacterial cell is its cell wall, primarily made of peptidoglycan. Beyond the cell wall, bacteria have other structural features, such as:
• Cell membrane: An inner lipid bilayer that controls the passage of substances in and out.
• Ribosomes: Where protein synthesis occurs.
• Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance filling the cell, containing enzymes and other essential molecules.
Understanding these structures helps scientists develop antibiotics and other treatments.

biological polymers

Biological polymers are large molecules composed of repeating subunits. These include DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides like peptidoglycan. Each plays a crucial role in the life of a cell. For instance:
• DNA: The genetic material storing information.
• Proteins: Perform various functions like catalyzing metabolic reactions and providing structural support.
• Polysaccharides: In bacteria, peptidoglycan is a key polysaccharide, providing strength to the cell wall.
These polymers are vital to the structure and function of cells, enabling life processes and maintaining cellular integrity.