Question

Which of the following is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis? a. Haemophilus influenzae \(b\) b. Streptococcus agalactiae c. Neisseria meningitidis d. Streptococcus pneumoniae

Short answer

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis.

Step-by-step solution

- Understanding Neonatal Meningitis

Neonatal meningitis is a serious infection occurring in newborns and is caused by various bacteria. The bacteria that most commonly cause neonatal meningitis change over time due to vaccination and other public health measures.

- Identifying the Most Common Pathogen

Through clinical studies and epidemiological data, the most common cause of neonatal meningitis is identified. The current understanding must be based on the latest medical guidelines and research.

- Recognizing the Correct Answer

Based on the latest guidelines and studies, Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus, is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis.

Key concepts

Streptococcus agalactiae

Streptococcus agalactiae, commonly known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a significant bacterial pathogen in neonates. GBS is naturally found in the gastrointestinal tract of up to 30% of healthy adults, and it can be passed from mother to newborn during delivery.

GBS can lead to several serious infections in newborns, including pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. Due to the underdeveloped immune systems of newborns, GBS can quickly spread to the brain and spinal cord, causing inflammation and infection – a condition known as neonatal meningitis.

One of the main preventative measures against neonatal infections from GBS is screening pregnant women for the bacteria. This is typically done in the third trimester. If a woman is found to be colonized with GBS, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis – antibiotics administered during labor – greatly reduces the risk of transmitting the bacterium to the newborn.

Neonatal Infections

Neonatal infections are infections that occur in newborns within the first 28 days of life, also referred to as the neonatal period. The most common pathogens involved in neonatal infections are bacteria, although viruses and fungi can also be causative agents.

Neonates are particularly susceptible to infections due to their immature immune systems, and pathogens can be transmitted from the mother during pregnancy, delivery, or through contact post-delivery. Neonatal infections can quickly become serious, leading to conditions such as neonatal sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis.

Signs of infection in newborns can include temperature instability, feeding difficulties, irritability, lethargy, or respiratory distress. Prompt identification and treatment with antibiotics, supportive care, and sometimes intensive care hospitalization are crucial in managing neonatal infections and reducing the risk of long-term consequences.

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. It's more severe than viral meningitis, often requiring immediate medical attention to prevent serious health risks or death.

Bacterial meningitis in newborns can be particularly dangerous and may lead to significant neurological damage if not treated promptly. The symptoms in neonates may not be as easily identifiable as in older children or adults, but they can include fever, irritability, poor feeding, and a bulging fontanel (soft spot on the baby's head).

Due to the severity of bacterial meningitis, prevention and timely intervention are critical. Vaccination programs, proper maternal care, and rapid antibiotic treatment play crucial roles in managing the risk and impact of this life-threatening condition.