Question

Fill in the Blank. Jaundice results from a buildup of _________.

Short answer

Bilirubin.

Step-by-step solution

Identifying the cause of Jaundice

Understand that jaundice is a condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes. It is caused by a buildup of bilirubin, a yellow pigment that is formed by the breakdown of dead red blood cells in the liver.

Key concepts

Bilirubin

You've likely seen the characteristic yellowing of the skin and eyes known as jaundice, but have you ever wondered what causes this distinct hue? The answer lies in a substance called bilirubin. This yellow pigment is a byproduct of the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Normally, when red blood cells age, they are decomposed, and part of the leftover materials is bilirubin.

Once formed, bilirubin is processed by the liver, becoming part of a fluid called bile. This process involves changing bilirubin from a fat-soluble form to a water-soluble one, enabling its excretion from the body. In the case of jaundice, bilirubin builds up because it is either produced in excessive amounts or because the liver cannot process it efficiently enough to keep up with the supply. The result is that bilirubin starts accumulating in the body's tissues, leading to the yellowish tinge in the skin and eyes.

Liver Function

Focusing on liver function helps to clarify why this organ is so vital to preventing jaundice. The liver plays a central role in many bodily functions, but when considering jaundice, we focus on its ability to process and clear bilirubin. The processing of bilirubin involves two phases: conjugation and excretion.

During conjugation, bilirubin is transformed into a form that the body can eliminate. It does this by making the bilirubin water-soluble. Then, during excretion, the liver cells secrete the soluble bilirubin into bile, which passes into the small intestine and eventually leaves the body in stool. When liver function is compromised due to conditions such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or alcohol-related liver disease, these processing steps can't occur at their normal rate. This can result in higher levels of bilirubin building up in the bloodstream – a condition known as hyperbilirubinemia – and leading to jaundice.

Red Blood Cells Breakdown

The life cycle of red blood cells (RBCs) is a rather fascinating one. These cells are integral for carrying oxygen throughout the body, and they do so tirelessly for about 120 days. After serving their purpose, they retire to the spleen where they undergo breakdown. This decomposition of RBCs is known as hemolysis.

Upon the breakdown of the red blood cells, bilirubin is released as part of the cells' heme molecules, which are components of hemoglobin - the oxygen-carrying pigment in RBCs. The spleen collects the unusable parts of the RBCs, including bilirubin, and sends them to the liver for processing. The efficiency of this breakdown and processing system is crucial. If it malfunctions, for example, due to a high rate of RBC destruction (hemolytic anemia) or inefficient removal (Gilbert's syndrome), excess bilirubin can accumulate and lead to jaundice.