Chapter 2

Diagram the electronic configuration of a carbon atom.

Classify the following types of chemical reactions. a. glucose \(+\) fructose \(\rightarrow\) sucrose \(+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) b. lactose \(\rightarrow\) glucose \(+\) galactose c. \(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{Cl}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{HCl}\) d. ATP \(\rightleftharpoons \mathrm{ADP}_{+} \mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{i}}\)

Bacteria use the enzyme urease to obtain nitrogen in a form they can use from urea in the following reaction: \(\mathrm{CO}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{2}\right)_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \rightarrow \underset{\text { Ammonia }}{\text { Urea }}\) Carbon dioxide What purpose does the enzyme serve in this reaction? What type of reaction is this?

Classify the following as subunits of either a carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. a. \(\mathrm{CH} 3-\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{7}-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}-\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{7}-\mathrm{COOH}\) Oleic acid b. NC(CO)C(=O)O Serine c. \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}\) d. Thymine nucleotide

Draw a simple lipid, and show how it could be modified to a phospholipid.

What type of microorganism has a chitun cell wall, has DNA that is contained in a nucleus, and has ergosterol in its plasma membrane?