Question

Which test confirms the diagnosis of prostate cancer? a. PSA b. Alkaline phosphatase c. Ultrasound of the prostate d. Prostate biopsy

Short answer

d. Prostate biopsy

Step-by-step solution

- Identify the Primary Indicator

Consider which tests are commonly used as indicators for prostate cancer. PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) tests are often used but are not definitive for confirming prostate cancer.

- Consider the Purpose of Tests

Evaluate what each test measures and its role. PSA levels indicate potential issues with the prostate but can be elevated in non-cancerous conditions. Alkaline phosphatase is generally related to bone activity, not specific to prostate cancer. Ultrasound can help visualize the prostate but cannot confirm cancer on its own.

- Confirmatory Test

Prostate biopsy involves taking tissue samples from the prostate to be examined histologically. This is the most definitive test to confirm a diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Key concepts

PSA test

The PSA test measures the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood. PSA is a protein produced by both cancerous and non-cancerous tissue in the prostate. High levels of PSA can indicate prostate issues, but not necessarily cancer.

An elevated PSA level might prompt further investigation, such as:

• Digital rectal examination (DRE)
• Prostate biopsy
• Additional imaging tests

It's important to recognize that while the PSA test is an important tool, it is not specific to prostate cancer. Other conditions like prostatitis or an enlarged prostate can also raise PSA levels.

prostate biopsy

A prostate biopsy is the definitive test to confirm the presence of prostate cancer. It involves taking small tissue samples from the prostate gland and examining them under a microscope.

The procedure typically follows a series of steps:

• Local anesthesia is administered to minimize discomfort.
• A needle is inserted through the rectum or perineum to collect tissue samples.
• Multiple samples are taken to increase accuracy.

The collected samples are then analyzed by a pathologist to determine if cancer cells are present. This test confirms the diagnosis and helps to grade the severity of the cancer if it's detected. Despite being invasive, a biopsy provides crucial, detailed information.

prostate cancer screening

Prostate cancer screening aims to detect prostate cancer early when it is more treatable. Screening methods include PSA tests and digital rectal exams (DRE).

Screening is generally recommended for:

• Men aged 55 to 69
• High-risk individuals such as those with a family history of prostate cancer
• Men of African descent, as they face a higher risk

However, screening isn't without its downsides. False positives can lead to unnecessary biopsies and anxiety, while false negatives might delay diagnosis. Therefore, it's crucial to discuss the risks and benefits with a healthcare provider before deciding on screening.

cancer diagnostic tests

Cancer diagnostic tests are essential in identifying and determining the extent of cancer. For prostate cancer, the key diagnostic tests include:

• PSA Test: Initially alerts to potential prostate issues.
• Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): Physically examines the prostate for abnormalities.
• Prostate Biopsy: Confirms the presence of cancer cells.
• Imaging Tests: Such as MRI or CT scans to assess the spread of cancer.

Each test plays a specific role in the diagnostic pathway. Together, they provide a comprehensive view, aiding in the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning. These tests not only detect cancer but also help evaluate the best treatment approach for each individual.