Question

Opioids are often prescribed by physicians for pain control and are commonly abused substances. Which medications are opioids? (Select all that apply.) a. Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) b. Meperidine (Demerol) c. MDMA (Ecstasy) d. Lorazepam (Ativan)

Short answer

Hydromorphone and Meperidine are opioids.

Step-by-step solution

- Understand What Opioids Are

Opioids are a class of drugs that include the illegal drug heroin, synthetic opioids such as fentanyl, and pain relievers available legally by prescription such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, morphine, and others.

- Identify the Medications Listed

The medications listed in the exercise are: a. Hydromorphone (Dilaudid), b. Meperidine (Demerol), c. MDMA (Ecstasy), d. Lorazepam (Ativan).

- Determine Each Medication's Classification

Check the classification of each medication: a. Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) - This is an opioid used for pain control. b. Meperidine (Demerol) - Another opioid used to treat moderate to severe pain. c. MDMA (Ecstasy) - A psychoactive drug (not an opioid) primarily used for recreational purposes. d. Lorazepam (Ativan) - A benzodiazepine used for anxiety disorders (not an opioid).

- Select All Correct Opioids

From the classifications: Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) and Meperidine (Demerol) are opioids. MDMA (Ecstasy) and Lorazepam (Ativan) are not opioids.

Key concepts

Opioid Medications

Opioids are a specific group of drugs primarily used to manage pain. They work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the perception of pain. These medications can be naturally derived from the opium poppy or synthesized in a lab. Common prescription opioids include:

• Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
• Meperidine (Demerol)
• Oxycodone
• Morphine
• Codeine

Each of these plays a crucial role in pain management, particularly in patients with severe or chronic pain. However, due to their potent effects and the sense of euphoria they can create, opioids carry a high risk of abuse and addiction.

Pain Control

Controlling pain is a vital aspect of medical care, especially for patients recovering from surgery or dealing with chronic conditions. Opioids are often favored for pain management due to their powerful effects. However, it's essential to use them appropriately to balance pain relief with the risk of side effects and dependency. When doctors prescribe opioids, they consider:

• The intensity of the pain
• The patient's medical history
• Potential side effects
• The duration of pain (acute vs. chronic)

Alternative ways to control pain include non-opioid medications like acetaminophen or NSAIDs, physical therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. These alternatives can be effective and carry fewer risks than opioids.

Drug Classification

Medications are classified into different categories based on their chemical properties, therapeutic uses, and potential for abuse. Understanding these classifications helps in prescribing the correct medication and managing its potential risks.

Here are some main categories:

• Opioids: Used primarily for pain relief. Includes drugs like hydromorphone and meperidine.
• Benzodiazepines: Used for anxiety and insomnia. For example, lorazepam (Ativan).
• Psychoactive Drugs: Alter mood and perception. MDMA (Ecstasy) falls under this category.
• NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used for pain and inflammation, like ibuprofen.

Each medication's classification informs its intended use, potential side effects, and abuse risk. Knowing how to correctly classify drugs remains a fundamental aspect of safe and effective medical treatment.