Question

Choose the best answer to each of the following. Explain your reasoning with one or more complete sentences. Which of the following is not true about scientific progress? (a) Science progresses through the creation and testing of models of nature. (b) Science advances only through strict application of the scientific method. (c) Science avoids explanations that invoke the supernatural.

Short answer

Option (b) is not true about scientific progress.

Step-by-step solution

Analyze Option (a)

Option (a) suggests that science progresses through the creation and testing of models of nature. This is true as scientific progress involves developing hypotheses and theories (models) to explain observations and then testing them through experiments or further observations. This iterative process refines the models to better fit observed data.

Analyze Option (b)

Option (b) claims that science advances only through strict application of the scientific method. This statement is misleading and not entirely true. While the scientific method is a cornerstone of scientific inquiry, scientific progress can occur through non-traditional methods, such as serendipitous discoveries or interdisciplinary research that does not strictly adhere to the scientific method.

Analyze Option (c)

Option (c) states that science avoids explanations that invoke the supernatural. This is true because science relies on natural explanations that can be tested and measured against empirical evidence. Supernatural explanations are beyond the realm of scientific inquiry, as they cannot be tested or falsified using scientific methods.

Determine the Correct Answer

After analyzing each option, it is clear that option (b) is the statement that is not entirely true about scientific progress because it inaccurately limits scientific advancement to only those discoveries made through the "strict" application of the scientific method.

Key concepts

Scientific Method

The scientific method is a systematic approach that scientists use to investigate phenomena, acquire new knowledge, or correct and integrate previous knowledge. It involves several key steps that ensure a structured approach to discovery. The scientific process usually begins with an observation that leads to a question. Scientists then formulate a hypothesis, which is a tentative answer to the question based on available data.

The hypothesis is then tested through controlled experiments or further observations. This testing is critical and relies on collecting data and evidence to either support or refute the hypothesis. Importantly, results must be repeatable, providing consistency across different trials and scientists.

• Formulating questions
• Developing hypotheses
• Conducting experiments
• Analyzing data
• Drawing conclusions

While the scientific method is fundamental, scientific discovery also benefits from unanticipated breakthroughs and interdisciplinary study, which may not always fit the traditional mold of inquiry.

Models of Nature

Models of nature are representations that scientists create to explain how natural phenomena occur. These models are vital in allowing scientists to predict behaviors and understand complex systems. Examples of these models include everything from climate models to understand weather patterns to atomic models explaining the structure of matter.

Creating a model typically begins with collecting data through observations and experiments. Scientists then use this data to build theoretical frameworks or models, which might be visual, mathematical, or computational. Models are not static; they evolve as new data becomes available or as errors are discovered.

• Provide explanations for observed phenomena
• Help predict future events or behaviors
• Are refined and adjusted based on new data
• Serve as tools for testing hypotheses

Through iterative testing and refinement, models become more accurate reflections of the natural world, fueling further scientific progress.

Supernatural Explanations

Supernatural explanations involve phenomena that cannot be explained by natural laws or empirical observation. Science inherently excludes supernatural explanations because they are not testable, measurable, or observable in a controlled setting. Scientific inquiry depends on naturalistic explanations that can undergo rigorous testing to verify their validity.

The scientific community seeks patterns and laws in nature that can be explained through consistent, reliable data. Supernatural explanations do not fit within this framework because they cannot be validated through experimentation or repeated observation.

• Cannot be empirically tested or measured
• Sit outside the domain of scientific inquiry
• Rely on beliefs rather than evidence
• Do not contribute to scientific advancement

By focusing on natural phenomena, science contributes to a reliable understanding of the universe, providing consistent advancements in knowledge and technology.