Question

List four types of controls on cell cycle rate.

Short answer

The four types of controls on the cell cycle rate are: (1) Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, (2) Checkpoint Proteins, (3) Growth Factors, and (4) DNA Damage Checks.

Step-by-step solution

Identify the Type of Controls

The first step will be to identify the different types of controls that influence the cell cycle rate. These controls essentially ensure that the cell cycle progresses in the correct order and that each stage is properly completed before the next one begins.

Listing the Controls

The different types of controls are (1) Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, (2) Checkpoint Proteins, (3) Growth Factors, and (4) DNA Damage Checks.

Understanding the Controls

Now that the four types are identified it's important to understand them:- Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases: These proteins rise and fall in time with the cell cycle and ensure its correct progression.- Checkpoint Proteins: These proteins act as sensors to confirm whether the processes at each phase of the cell cycle have been accurately completed before it moves to the next phase.- Growth Factors: These proteins stimulate cell division.- DNA Damage Checks: If DNA damage is detected, these mechanisms can pause division to allow time for repair or in severe cases, trigger cell death to prevent damage being passed on to daughter cells.