Question

Give an example of how a single gene difference can have a profound effect on the phenotypes of two species.

Short answer

The FOXP2 gene in humans and chimpanzees, our closest extant relatives, can serve as an example. This gene, associated with speech and language abilities in humans, presents two amino acid differences between the two species. Changes in this gene can lead to speech and language impairments in humans, showcasing the significant impact a single gene difference can have on phenotype.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding genetic variation

Genetic variation refers to the diversity in the genetic makeup of individuals within a species. A single gene difference between two individuals within a species could lead to variation in traits, known as phenotype variance. To understand this concept deeply, an example of a genetic variance creating profound differences in phenotype is required.

Example

A profound example of this occurs between humans and the genome of the chimpanzee, the closest extant relative to humans. The FOXP2 gene, associated with speech and language skills in humans, presents two amino acid differences between the two species. In humans, alterations in this gene can cause language and speech impairments.; indicating the significant impact a single gene difference can have on the phenotype.

Conclusion

Thus, a single gene difference like in the FOXP2 gene between humans and chimpanzees can create a profound impact on the phenotypes, leading to significant species traits like language and speech capabilities in humans.

Key concepts

Phenotype Variance

In genetics, phenotype variance is a fundamental concept. It refers to the observable differences in physical traits among individuals of the same species. These traits can include aspects like color, size, shape, or behavior. Phenotype variance stems from genetic variation, which is the diversity in genetic make-up among organisms. This variation can result from mutations, gene shuffling during reproduction, or gene differences between populations.
A single gene difference is enough to create significant changes in phenotype. For instance, even small changes in genes responsible for pigment production can lead to a variety of skin colors. This showcases how minor genetic differences contribute largely to the uniqueness within a species. By studying these variations, scientists gain insight into evolution, health, and how organisms adapt to their environment.

FOXP2 Gene

The FOXP2 gene is an essential link to our understanding of linguistic abilities in humans. This gene is sometimes called the "language gene" because of its critical role in developing speech and language. It encodes a protein that is active in regions of the brain related to these functions.
In comparative studies, scientists have found that the FOXP2 gene differs slightly between humans and chimpanzees. Specifically, there are two amino acid changes in humans, which correlate with capabilities for complex language that are not present in our closest relatives. This makes the FOXP2 gene a perfect example of how certain gene differences can have profound impacts on phenotype, particularly in abilities like communication.
Disruptions in this gene often lead to speech and language disorders in humans, underscoring its significance. The research into FOXP2 continues to be of great importance as it enhances our understanding of the genetic foundations of communication.

Species Traits

Species traits are the distinct characteristics that define different species. These traits include physical attributes, behaviors, and capabilities that are specific to members of that species. For example, birds have wings for flying, fish have gills to breathe underwater, and humans have the ability to communicate verbally through language.
Differences in species traits often arise due to genetic variations. These genetic differences have been shaped by millions of years of evolution and adaptation to various environments. A clear example is how the FOXP2 gene in humans has led to advanced speech and language skills. This trait distinguishes us significantly from other primates, making it a pivotal aspect of human-specific traits.
Understanding these traits helps us comprehend how species evolve and adapt, and how a single genetic mutation can lead to vast diversity in the natural world.

Gene Difference Impact

Gene differences have a profound impact on living organisms. Even a single gene difference can alter how a species interacts with its environment, communicates, or survives. This impact can be observed across various scales, from cellular processes to the broader abilities of a species.
Take the FOXP2 gene for instance. The two amino acid differences between humans and chimpanzees offer a clear illustration of its significance. In humans, these small changes have facilitated the development of intricate language and communication capabilities. These skills greatly impact how humans build societies and transmit knowledge across generations.
Such gene differences provide insights into the complexity of life. The study of these variations enables biologists to understand the evolutionary pathways that have led to the rich diversity of life forms that we see today. Moreover, it highlights the potential for discovering new connections between genotype and phenotype which could advance medical and genetic research.