Question

Distinguish between a germline and a somatic mutation.

Short answer

Germline mutations are changes in genes occurring in germ cells (reproductive cells) and can be passed onto offspring, affecting every cell, including their own reproductive cells. Somatic mutations occur in body cells, do not typically pass onto offspring, and do not affect every cell in the body.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Germline Mutations

Germline mutations are changes in genes that occur in the germ cells, the reproductive cells (egg or sperm) of an organism. These mutations are present in every cell of the offspring because they are in the DNA of the fertilized egg. As a result, they can also be passed onto subsequent generations.

Understanding Somatic Mutations

Somatic mutations occur in the somatic (body) cells, which form the body tissues and organs. These mutations are not found in every cell and can't typically be inherited because they do not affect the reproductive cells.

Comparing Germline and Somatic Mutations

From the prior steps, the distinct differences between germline and somatic mutations can be summarized. Germline mutations occur in reproductive cells and can be inherited, affecting every cell in an organism's body including their own future reproductive cells. Contrarily, somatic mutations are in body cells, are not typically inherited, and do not affect every cell in the body.