Question

A broad hypothesis that has been supported by repeated experimentation is known as: a. a proven hypothesis c. a theory b. a supported hypothesis d. dogma

Short answer

c. a theory

Step-by-step solution

Understand the Definitions

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation that can be tested by further investigation. A theory is a well-substantiated explanation acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation. The term 'proven hypothesis' is incorrect because in science, hypotheses are supported or not supported but not proven. A 'supported hypothesis' refers to a hypothesis that has been corroborated by experimental data. 'Dogma' refers to principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true.

Analyze the Options

Look at each option and compare it with the definitions. A 'proven hypothesis' (option a) does not fit because hypotheses are not proven as final truths in science. A 'supported hypothesis' (option b) is closer but does not encapsulate repeated corroboration over a long period. A theory (option c) fits the criteria of being supported by repeated experimentation. 'Dogma' (option d) is not a scientific term.

Choose the Best Answer

Considering the definitions and analysis, the best answer is 'theory' because it represents a broad hypothesis that has been supported by repeated experimentation.

Key concepts

hypothesis

A hypothesis is an educated guess or a tentative explanation for a scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation. To form a hypothesis, scientists observe phenomena and ask questions about them. They then create a statement predicting the outcome or explaining how things work.
For example, after observing that plants grow faster in sunlight, a scientist might hypothesize, 'If a plant receives more sunlight, then it will grow faster.'
It's important to remember:

• A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable.
• It usually follows an 'if-then' format.

Once formulated, scientists perform experiments to test the validity of the hypothesis.

scientific method

The scientific method is a systematic process used by scientists to explore observations and answer questions. The method ensures that the investigation is both thorough and trustworthy.
Here are the key steps:

• Observation: Gather data and notice something interesting.
• Question: Ask a specific, testable question based on your observations.
• Hypothesis: Formulate a hypothesis to explain the observations.
• Experiment: Design and conduct experiments to test the hypothesis.
• Analysis: Analyze the data collected to see if they support or refute the hypothesis.
• Conclusion: Draw conclusions based on the analysis. If necessary, refine the hypothesis and test again.

The scientific method ensures that the results are objective and reproducible.

experimental validation

Experimental validation is crucial in the scientific process. It involves testing hypotheses through controlled experiments to validate or invalidate them.
Here’s how it usually works:

• Designing the Experiment: Create an experimental setup that answers the hypothesis clearly while controlling other variables.
• Conducting the Experiment: Perform the experiments, often repeating them to ensure reliability.
• Collecting Data: Gather data from the experiments.
• Analyzing Results: Examine the data to determine if they support the hypothesis.

If the experimental data supports the hypothesis repeatedly, it can then lead to broader acceptance and further testing by other scientists.

theory

A theory in science is a well-substantiated explanation for a wide range of phenomena. Theories are not just guesses; they are based on extensive and repeated experimental evidence.
Characteristics of a scientific theory:

• Evidence-Based: Supported by a large body of evidence obtained through the scientific method.
• Predictive Power: Can make accurate predictions about related phenomena.
• Reproducible: Can be tested and confirmed by other scientists working independently.

Examples of well-known scientific theories include the theory of evolution, the theory of relativity, and the germ theory of disease.
Remember, theories can still evolve as new evidence emerges, demonstrating the dynamic nature of scientific understanding.