Question

Discuss the action of growth hormone on the body. What occurs if there is too much or too little GH during the growing years? What occurs if there if too much GH in an adult? (pages \(334-35\) )

Short answer

Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes growth and development, particularly during childhood and adolescence. If there is too much GH during the growing years, gigantism can occur, leading to abnormally tall stature and an increased risk of health problems. Conversely, too little GH during the growing years results in dwarfism or growth hormone deficiency (GHD), causing shorter-than-normal stature and potentially weaker bones and muscles. In adults, excess GH can lead to acromegaly, characterized by the thickening of bones in the face, hands, and feet and various health issues such as joint pain, sleep apnea, and vision problems.

Step-by-step solution

1. Understanding growth hormone and its role in the body

Growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Its primary function is to promote growth and development in the body, particularly during childhood and adolescence. It does this by stimulating bone and muscle growth and also playing a role in metabolism regulation, which includes breaking down fats and increasing protein synthesis.

2. Effects of too much growth hormone during the growing years

If there is an excess of growth hormone during the growing years, a condition called gigantism can occur. Gigantism results in abnormally tall stature, accompanied by an increased risk of health problems such as joint pain, cardiovascular disease, and reduced life expectancy. Additionally, persons with gigantism might experience disproportionate growth of certain body parts, affecting their overall appearance and potentially leading to psychological distress.

3. Consequences of too little growth hormone during the growing years

If there is a deficiency of growth hormone during the growing years, it can lead to a condition known as dwarfism or growth hormone deficiency (GHD). This results in a shorter-than-normal stature, and in some cases, slower overall growth and development. Children with GHD might experience delayed puberty and may have weaker bones and muscles, which can make them more prone to fractures and other serious health problems.

4. Effects of excess growth hormone in adults

If there is too much growth hormone in an adult, a condition called acromegaly can develop. Since the adult's bones have already finished growing, they do not get taller, but instead, the bones in the face, hands, and feet might thicken and become disproportionate. Acromegaly can cause a variety of health issues, such as joint pain, sleep apnea, vision problems, and an increased risk of heart disease, as well as various metabolic complications. Medical intervention is often necessary to manage the symptoms and prevent further complications.