Chapter 7: Q20P (page 219)
How many hypervariable loops are present in (a) IgG and (b) IgM?
The number of hypervariable loops in (a) IgG is 12, and (b) IgM is 60.
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In humans, the urge to breathe results from high concentrations of CO2 in the blood; there are no direct physiological sensors of blood pO2. Skin divers often hyperventilate (breath rapidly and deeply for several minutes) just before making a dive in the belief that this will increase the O2 content of their blood. (a) Does it do so? (b) Use your knowledge of hemoglobin function to evaluate whether this practice is useful.
Individuals with the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) produce antibodies to DNA and phospholipids. (a) Explain why normal individuals do not make antibodies to these substances. (b) During a normal response to a viral or bacterial infection, the immune system produces large amounts of antigen-specific antibodies, and the resulting antigen–antibody complexes are subsequently removed from the circulation and degraded. Explain why antigen–antibody complexes accumulate in the tissues of individuals with SLE.
Explain why long-distance runners prefer to train at high altitude even when the race is to be held at sea level. Why must the runners spend more than a day or two at the higher elevation?
Use Eq. 7-8 to estimate the fractional saturation of hemoglobin when pO2 is (a) 20 torr, (b) 40 torr, and (c) 60 torr.
Explain why the variation in VL and VH domains of immunoglobulins is largely confined to the hypervariable loops.
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