Chapter 7: Q20CP (page 217)
Why do the symptoms of an autoimmune disease often differ between individuals?
The symptoms of an autoimmune disease often differ between individuals due to their difference in locations and severity.
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The force generated by a muscle fiber increases as the sarcomere shortens but decreases at very short sarcomere lengths. Explain this observation. (Hint: Recall that cell volume remains constant during muscle contraction.)
Explain why a microfilament is polar, whereas a filament of keratin is not.
In active muscles, the pO2 may be 10 torr at the cell surface and 1 torr at the mitochondria (the organelles where oxidative metabolism occurs). Use Eq. 7-6 to show how myoglobin (p50 = 2.8 torr) facilitates the diffusion of O2 through these cells.
Some bacteria produce proteases that can cleave the hinge region of IgA molecules without affecting antigen binding. Explain why these proteases would give the bacteria a better chance of starting an infection.
Explain why the variation in VL and VH domains of immunoglobulins is largely confined to the hypervariable loops.
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