Chapter 8: Q16P. (page 243)
The core of pectin molecules is a polymer of α (1→4)-linked D-galacturonate. Draw one of its residues.
D-galacturonate is a monosaccharide residue. It is combined with the acetyl and methyl group and forms the polymer of pectin with α (1→4) linkage.
D-Galacturonate
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Some bacterial signaling systems involve kinases that transfer a phosphoryl group to a His side chain. Draw the phospho-His side chain.
Draw the structure of the mannose trisaccharide that is part of the core N-linked oligosaccharide.
The enzyme-amylase cleaves successive maltose units (maltose is an α (1→4)-linked glucose disaccharide) from the nonreducing end of α (1→4) glucans (polysaccharides containing only glucose residues). It will not cleave at glucose residues that have an α (1→6) bond. The end products of the exhaustive digestion of amylopectin by β-amylase are known as limit dextrins. Draw a schematic diagram of an amylopectin molecule and indicate what part(s) of it constitutes limit dextrins.
Which of the 10 reactions of glycolysis are (a) phosphorylations, (b) isomerizations, (c) oxidation–reductions, (d) dehydrations, and (e) carbon–carbon bond cleavages?
Five distinct pathways for fixing —that is, incorporating it into biological molecules—have been described. In what types of organisms do the different pathways occur? What is the free energy source for carbon fixation in each case? Which of the processes can be considered to be photosynthesis?
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