Question

Define these pairs of terms, and distinguish between them. aneuploidy/euploidy monosomy/trisomy Patau syndrome/Edwards syndrome autopolyploidy/allopolyploidy autotetraploid/amphidiploid paracentric inversion/pericentric inversion

Short answer

Define each pair of terms and explain the difference between the terms within each pair related to genetics and chromosome abnormalities: 1. Aneuploidy vs. Euploidy: Aneuploidy refers to an abnormal number of chromosomes, while euploidy refers to a normal chromosomal set. 2. Monosomy vs. Trisomy: Monosomy is when an organism has only one copy of a specific chromosome, and trisomy is when an organism has three copies of a specific chromosome. 3. Patau Syndrome vs. Edwards Syndrome: Both are genetic disorders caused by the presence of an extra chromosome, but Patau Syndrome is caused by an extra 13th chromosome and Edwards Syndrome is caused by an extra 18th chromosome. 4. Autopolyploidy vs. Allopolyploidy: Autopolyploidy occurs when an organism has multiple sets of chromosomes inherited from the same species, while allopolyploidy occurs when an organism has multiple sets of chromosomes inherited from different species. 5. Autotetraploid vs. Amphidiploid: Autotetraploid refers to an organism with four sets of chromosomes from the same species, while amphidiploid refers to an organism with two full sets of chromosomes from each of two different parental species. 6. Paracentric Inversion vs. Pericentric Inversion: Paracentric inversion is a chromosomal rearrangement in which a segment of the chromosome without the centromere is inverted, while pericentric inversion is when a segment of the chromosome including the centromere is inverted. Both types of inversions can result in genetic disorders or reduced fertility.

Step-by-step solution

Pair 1: Aneuploidy and Euploidy

Aneuploidy refers to a condition in which an organism has an abnormal number of chromosomes. This can result from the deletion or addition of one or more chromosomes. In contrast, euploidy refers to a normal chromosomal set, where an organism has the exact multiple of a single set of chromosomes.

Pair 2: Monosomy and Trisomy

Monosomy is a type of aneuploidy in which an organism has only one copy of a specific chromosome, as opposed to the usual two. On the other hand, trisomy is another type of aneuploidy, in which an organism has three copies of a specific chromosome instead of the normal two.

Pair 3: Patau Syndrome and Edwards Syndrome

Patau Syndrome, also known as trisomy 13, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra 13th chromosome. Symptoms include severe intellectual disabilities, congenital heart defects, and organ abnormalities. Edwards Syndrome, also known as trisomy 18, is another genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra 18th chromosome. Symptoms include severe intellectual disabilities, kidney problems, and heart defects. Both syndromes result in a shorter life expectancy for the affected individuals.

Pair 4: Autopolyploidy and Allopolyploidy

Autopolyploidy occurs when an organism has multiple sets of chromosomes inherited from the same species. This can result from errors during cell division, leading to extra copies of the entire genome. Allopolyploidy occurs when an organism has multiple sets of chromosomes inherited from different species, typically as a result of hybridization between two closely related species. Both autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy can lead to increased genetic diversity and potentially advantageous traits.

Pair 5: Autotetraploid and Amphidiploid

Autotetraploid refers to an organism having four sets of chromosomes, all derived from the same species. This can occur due to errors in cell division, leading to the production of gametes with twice the normal number of chromosomes. Amphidiploid, also known as allotetraploid, refers to an organism with two full sets of chromosomes from each of two different parental species. It typically results from hybridization between closely related species. Both autotetraploidy and amphidiploidy can result in increased genetic diversity and potentially advantageous traits.

Pair 6: Paracentric Inversion and Pericentric Inversion

Paracentric inversion is a type of chromosomal rearrangement in which a segment of the chromosome that does not include the centromere is inverted. This can lead to abnormal pairing of chromosomes during cell division and potentially unbalanced genetic material in gametes. Pericentric inversion is another type of chromosomal rearrangement in which a segment of the chromosome that includes the centromere is inverted. This can also lead to abnormal pairing of chromosomes during cell division and potentially unbalanced genetic material in gametes. Both types of inversions can result in genetic disorders or reduced fertility.