Question

Contrast chromosomes and genes.

Short answer

Answer: Chromosomes are long, thread-like structures made up of DNA and proteins, while genes are specific segments of DNA found on chromosomes. Chromosomes act as storage for genetic information and are responsible for passing this information through cell division. In contrast, genes are responsible for the expression of specific traits by encoding proteins. In inheritance, chromosomes ensure the accurate transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next during sexual reproduction, while genes determine the specific traits that are inherited and expressed in offspring.

Step-by-step solution

Define Chromosomes

Chromosomes are long, thread-like structures made up of DNA and proteins, present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. They carry the genetic information in the form of genes, which are responsible for the inheritance and expression of various traits in an organism.

Define Genes

A gene is a segment of DNA that carries the genetic code for a specific trait. Genes are located on chromosomes and consist of sequences of nucleotides – Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C) – that determine the structure and function of proteins, which are responsible for the expression of traits in living organisms.

Compare the Functions of Chromosomes and Genes

While chromosomes act as storage for genetic information in the cell and are responsible for passing on this information through cell division, genes are responsible for the expression of specific traits by encoding the proteins that perform various functions in the cell or organism.

Point Out the Differences in Chromosome and Gene Structure

Chromosomes are long, thread-like structures made up of DNA, which is wrapped around proteins called histones. This allows the genetic material to be organized and compacted within the nucleus. On the other hand, genes are specific segments of DNA found on chromosomes and contain sequences of nucleotides that code for a specific trait.

Discuss the Quantity of Each in a Typical Cell

In a typical cell, there is a specific number of chromosomes, which can vary across different species. For example, humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in their somatic cells, while other species may have a different number. In contrast, genes are smaller units of genetic information, and a single chromosome can carry hundreds or thousands of genes, depending on the organism and the size of the chromosome.

Contrast Their Role in Inheritance

Chromosomes play a crucial role in inheritance by ensuring the accurate and faithful transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next during sexual reproduction. During meiosis (the process of producing gametes), chromosomes from each parent are divided and recombined, resulting in offspring with a unique combination of chromosomes and thus, genetic traits. Genes, on the other hand, determine the specific traits that are inherited and expressed in offspring. The particular combination of alleles (different forms of genes) determines the way a trait is manifested and passed on to the next generation.