Question

Define homologous pairs, autosomes, and sex chromosomes. (p. 482)

Short answer

Answer: Homologous pairs are two chromosomes that share the same size, shape, and gene distribution, usually containing the same set of genes but with different alleles. Autosomes are chromosomes that do not determine an individual's sex, and in humans, there are 22 pairs of autosomes. Sex chromosomes, on the other hand, are chromosomes that determine an individual's sex in various organisms, with two types, X and Y, found in humans.

Step-by-step solution

Definition of Homologous Pairs

Homologous pairs are two chromosomes that share the same size, shape, and pattern of gene distribution. They typically contain the same set of genes, but may carry different alleles. Homologous pairs are present in diploid cells, where one chromosome in each pair is inherited from one parent and the other from the other parent. During meiosis, homologous pairs of chromosomes pair up, exchange genetic material, and segregate to create haploid daughter cells.

Definition of Autosomes

Autosomes are chromosomes that are not involved in determining the sex of an individual. They are found in all cells, regardless of an individual's sex. In humans, there are 22 pairs of autosomes, numbered from 1 to 22, with chromosome 1 being the largest and chromosome 22 being the smallest. The remaining pair of chromosomes are called the sex chromosomes. Autosomes contain a variety of genes that determine various traits and characteristics other than sex.

Definition of Sex Chromosomes

Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual in various organisms, including humans. There are two types of sex chromosomes, X and Y. In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). Different combinations of sex chromosomes in other organisms determine their sex according to the specific species. The X chromosome typically contains many functional genes, whereas the Y chromosome is much smaller and has fewer genes, most of which are related to sex determination and male-specific traits.