Question

All of the following are true concerning fungi EXCEPT (A) they reproduce sexually and asexually (B) they are eukaryotic (C) they are photosynthetic (D) they require \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) (E) they have a cell wall

Short answer

The answer is option (C). Fungi are not photosynthetic. They obtain nutrients through absorption, not photosynthesis.

Step-by-step solution

Analyze All Statements

Go through each of the statements (A to E) one after the other and try to determine whether it is a true statement for fungi or not.

Evaluate Statement A

Consider Statement A - 'they reproduce sexually and asexually'. This is true. Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually through the production of spores.

Evaluate Statement B

Next, look at Statement B - 'they are eukaryotic'. This statement is also true. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms, which means they have complex cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Evaluate Statement C

Now, appraise Statement C - 'they are photosynthetic'. This is incorrect. Fungi are heterotrophic, not photosynthetic. They obtain their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not perform photosynthesis, so this statement is false in relation to fungi.

Evaluate Statement D

Then, assess Statement D - 'they require \( \mathrm{O}_{2} \)'. This is generally true. Like most living organisms, fungi need oxygen for respiration and energy production.

Evaluate Statement E

Finally, evaluate Statement E - 'they have a cell wall'. This statement is true. Fungi do have a cell wall, which is typically composed of chitin.

Key concepts

Fungi Characteristics

Fungi are fascinating organisms that exhibit a range of unique characteristics. They are primarily known for their role in decomposing organic matter, but they also have other distinct features:

• Cell Structure: Fungi are eukaryotic, meaning their cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes.
• Cell Wall: Unlike plants, the cell wall of fungi is made of chitin, a strong and flexible compound that provides structural support.
• Nutrient Absorption: They absorb nutrients from their environment by breaking down organic matter, a process facilitated by enzymes they secrete.

Fungi are not able to photosynthesize like plants, which significantly sets them apart. They play a critical role in ecosystems as decomposers, breaking down dead plant and animal matter.

Eukaryotic Organisms

Eukaryotic organisms have a complex cell structure characterized by a true nucleus. The nucleus is enclosed within a double membrane, containing the organism's genetic material. Apart from the nucleus, eukaryotic cells host various organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.
Fungi, as eukaryotic organisms, share this complex cellular architecture. This allows for efficient cell processes and advanced biological functions. Other examples of eukaryotes include animals, plants, and protists. The complexity of eukaryotic cells contributes to the wide range of functions and adaptability observed in these organisms.

Heterotrophic Organisms

Heterotrophic organisms cannot make their own food. Unlike plants, which are autotrophic, heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms or organic substances. This includes animals, fungi, and some bacteria.
Fungi fall into this category as they absorb nutrients from their environment. They do so by releasing enzymes that break down complex organic materials into simpler compounds that can be assimilated. This mode of nutrition allows fungi to play an essential role in nutrient cycling, especially in decomposing dead organic matter in ecosystems.

Reproduction in Fungi

Fungi are capable of reproducing both sexually and asexually. This adaptability is one of the reasons for their widespread presence and variety.

• Sexual Reproduction: Involves the fusion of specialized cells called gametes, resulting in genetic recombination. This process increases genetic diversity, making populations more resilient to changes in the environment.
• Asexual Reproduction: Often occurs through spore formation. Spores are hardy reproductive cells capable of developing into a new organism. This method allows fungi to quickly colonize new areas.

The dual modes of reproduction ensure fungi can survive in diverse environments and adapt to varying ecological niches.