Chapter 25: Problem 14
In a population of 10,000 individuals, where 3600 are \(M M\) 1600 are \(N N,\) and 4800 are \(M N,\) what are the frequencies of the \(M\) alleles and the \(N\) alleles?
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The original source of new alleles, upon which selection operates, is mutation, a random event that occurs without regard to selectional value in the organism. Although many model organisms have been used to study mutational events in populations, some investigators have developed abiotic molecular models. Soll (2006) examined one such model to study the relationship between both deleterious and advantageous mutations and population size in a ligase molecule composed of RNA (a ribozyme). Soll found that the smaller the population of molecules, the more likely it was that not only deleterious mutations but also advantageous mutations would disappear. Why would population size influence the survival of both types of mutations (deleterious and advantageous) in populations?
Consider a population in which the frequency of allele \(A\) is \(p=0.7\) and the frequency of allele \(a\) is \(q=0.3,\) and where the alleles are codominant. What will be the allele frequencies after one generation if the following occurs? (a) \(w_{A A}=1, w_{A a}=0.9, w_{a a}=0.8\) (b) \(w_{A A}=1, w_{A a}=0.95, w_{a a}=0.9\) (c) \(w_{A A}=1, w_{A a}=0.99, w_{a a}=0.98\) (d) \(w_{A A}=0.8, w_{A a}=1, w_{a a}=0.8\)
A certain form of albinism in humans is recessive and autosomal. Assume that \(1 \%\) of the individuals in a given population are albino. Assuming that the population is in HardyWeinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the individuals in this population is expected to be heterozygous?
The ability to taste the compound PTC is controlled by a dominant allele \(T,\) while individuals homozygous for the recessive allele \(t\) are unable to taste PTC. In a genetics class of 125 students, 88 can taste \(\mathrm{PTC}\) and 37 cannot. Calculate the frequency of the \(T\) and \(t\) alleles and the frequency of the genotypes in this population.
Shown below are two homologous lengths of the alpha and beta chains of human hemoglobin. Consult a genetic code dictionary (Figure 13.7 ) and determine how many amino acid substitutions may have occurred as a result of a single nucleotide substitution. For any that cannot occur as a result of a single change, determine the minimal mutational distance.
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