Chapter 25: Problem 13
In a population of 10,000 individuals, where 3600 are \(M M\) 1600 are \(N N,\) and 4800 are \(M N,\) what are the frequencies of the \(M\) alleles and the \(N\) alleles?
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In a population that meets the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumptions, \(81 \%\) of the individuals are homozygous for a recessive allele. What percentage of the individuals would be expected to be heterozygous for this locus in the next generation?
What genetic changes take place during speciation?
The original source of new alleles, upon which selection operates, is mutation, a random event that occurs without regard to selectional value in the organism. Although many model organisms have been used to study mutational events in populations, some investigators have developed abiotic molecular models. Soll (2006) examined one such model to study the relationship between both deleterious and advantageous mutations and population size in a ligase molecule composed of RNA (a ribozyme). Soll found that the smaller the population of molecules, the more likely it was that not only deleterious mutations but also advantageous mutations would disappear. Why would population size influence the survival of both types of mutations (deleterious and advantageous) in populations?
In a population of cattle, the following color distribution was noted: \(36 \%\) red \((R R), 48 \%\) roan \((R r),\) and \(16 \%\) white \((r r) .\) Is this population in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? What will be the distribution of genotypes in the next generation if the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions are met?
Some critics have warned that the use of gene therapy to correct genetic disorders will affect the course of human evolution. Evaluate this criticism in light of what you know about population genetics and evolution, distinguishing between somatic gene therapy and germ-line gene therapy.
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