Chapter 8: Problem 8
What are the types of gametes that can be produced by an individual with the genotype AaBb? a. \(A a, B b\) b. \(A A, a a, B B, b b\) c. \(A B, A b, a B, a b\) d. \(A B, a b\)
Short Answer
Expert verified
C. \(AB, Ab, aB, ab\)
Step by step solution
01
Identify the pairs of alleles
The given genotype is \(AaBb\), which consists of two pairs of alleles: \(Aa\) and \(Bb\).
02
Determine allele combinations for each pair during gamete formation
During gamete formation, alleles segregate independently of each other. For each pair of alleles, there are two possible combinations that we can get:
- For the pair \(Aa\), we can have either \(A\) or \(a\).
- For the pair \(Bb\), we can have either \(B\) or \(b\).
03
Combine all possibilities
Now, we will combine all possible combinations of alleles from each pair, taking one from each pair at a time:
1. Combine \(A\) from the first pair with \(B\) from the second pair, resulting in the combination \(AB\).
2. Combine \(A\) from the first pair with \(b\) from the second pair, resulting in the combination \(Ab\).
3. Combine \(a\) from the first pair with \(B\) from the second pair, resulting in the combination \(aB\).
4. Combine \(a\) from the first pair with \(b\) from the second pair, resulting in the combination \(ab\).
So, the possible gametes produced by an individual with the genotype \(AaBb\) are: \(AB, Ab, aB,\) and \(ab\).
Comparing our result with the given options, we find that the correct answer is option C. \(AB, Ab, aB, ab\)
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Gamete Formation
Gamete formation is a crucial part of sexual reproduction in organisms. During this process, cells called gametes, such as sperm and egg cells in animals, are produced through a specialized cell division called meiosis. Understanding how gametes form is essential for grasping genetic inheritance, as these cells carry the genetic information that gets passed on to offspring.
When an organism has a genotype like \(AaBb\), it means there are two gene pairs at play: \(Aa\) and \(Bb\). Each allele from these pairs segregates independently when forming gametes. This segregation is a result of the pairs being on different homologous chromosomes. Thus, each gamete receives one allele from each pair.
When an organism has a genotype like \(AaBb\), it means there are two gene pairs at play: \(Aa\) and \(Bb\). Each allele from these pairs segregates independently when forming gametes. This segregation is a result of the pairs being on different homologous chromosomes. Thus, each gamete receives one allele from each pair.
- For the \(Aa\) gene pair, a gamete will receive either an \(A\) or an \(a\).
- For the \(Bb\) gene pair, it will receive either a \(B\) or a \(b\).
Independent Assortment
Independent assortment is a principle first laid out by Gregor Mendel, which explains how alleles of different genes behave during gamete formation. It states that alleles for separate traits are distributed to gametes independently of one another. This means that the segregation of alleles from one gene does not influence the segregation of alleles from another.
In organisms with the genotype \(AaBb\), for example, the independent assortment occurs during meiosis.
Each pair of alleles—\(Aa\) and \(Bb\)—assorts independently. This leads to a variety of possible combinations of parental traits in the offspring due to the random mix of alleles.
In organisms with the genotype \(AaBb\), for example, the independent assortment occurs during meiosis.
Each pair of alleles—\(Aa\) and \(Bb\)—assorts independently. This leads to a variety of possible combinations of parental traits in the offspring due to the random mix of alleles.
- The allele \(A\) or \(a\) is just as likely to combine with \(B\) as it is with \(b\).
- Similarly, allele \(B\) or \(b\) is equally likely to combine with \(A\) or \(a\).
Genotype to Phenotype
The journey from genotype to phenotype involves how the genetic makeup of an organism (its genotype) translates into observable traits (its phenotype). The genotype is composed of alleles inherited from the organism's parents, while the phenotype is a result of how these genetic instructions are expressed.
For example, an individual's genotype might be \(AaBb\). Each gene within this genotype represents specific characteristics, such as eye color or height. The particular combination of alleles determines how these characteristics will manifest.
For example, an individual's genotype might be \(AaBb\). Each gene within this genotype represents specific characteristics, such as eye color or height. The particular combination of alleles determines how these characteristics will manifest.
- Dominant alleles, like \(A\) or \(B\), will typically mask the expression of their recessive counterparts, \(a\) or \(b\).
- This means that the presence of even one dominant allele in the genotype can determine the phenotype.