Chapter 34: Q34-4TYU. (page 754)
Which clade does not include humans?
(A) synapsids
(B) lobe-fins
(C) diapsids
(D) osteichthyans
(A) The option"synapsids" is false.
(B) The option "lobe-fins" is false.
(C) The option "diapsids" is true.
(D) The option “osteichthyans” is false.
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Contrast monotremes, marsupials, and eutheriansin terms of how they bear young.
Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials
(A) lack nipples.
(B) have some embryonic development outside the uterus.
(C) lay eggs.
(D) are found in Australia and Africa.
The equation for a regression line can be used to calculate the value of y expected for any particular value of x. For example, suppose that a linear regression indicated that m = 2 and b = 4. In this case, when x = 5. We expect that y= 2x + 4 = (2 × 5) + 4 = 14. Based on the values of m and b that you determined in question 4, use this approach to determine the expected mean brain volume for a hominin that lived 4 million years ago (that is, x = -4)
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY • DRAW IT As a consequence of size alone, larger organisms tend to have larger brains than smaller organisms. However, some organisms have brains that are considerably larger than expected for their size. There are high energetic costs associated with the development and maintenance of brains that are large relative to body size.
(a) The fossil record documents trends in which brains that are large relative to body size evolved in certain lineages, including hominins. In such lineages, what can you infer about the costs and benefits of large brains?
(b) Hypothesize how natural selection might favor the evolution of large brains despite their high maintenance costs.
(c) Data for 14 bird species are listed below. Graph the data, placing deviation from expected brain size on the x-axis and mortality rate on the y-axis. What can you conclude about the relationship between brain size and mortality?
As described in the Scientific Skills Exercise for Chapter 32, the formula for a correlation coefficient is
Fill in the column in the data table for the product()×(). Use these values and the standard deviations calculated in question 1 to calculate the correlation coefficient rbetween the brain volume of hominin species (y) and the ages of those species (x).
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