Question

In humans, iron is a trace element required for the proper functioning of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in red blood cells. What might be the effects of an iron deficiency?

Short answer

Iron is an essential component in the production of healthy red blood cells and hemoglobin. The primary function of hemoglobin is to transfer oxygen throughout the body as the iron in its structure can bind to the oxygen molecules.

If there is an iron deficiency in the body, hemoglobin and red blood cell production will be altered, leading to poor oxygen transport. This will cause weakness, fatigue, chest pain, and more.

Step-by-step solution

Meaning and function of hemoglobin

The red blood cells have a specialized structure responsible for the transportation of the oxygen molecule to different tissues of the body. This specialized structure is known as hemoglobin (Hb), which is classified as a metalloprotein.

The optimum amount of hemoglobin in blood is crucial for smooth oxygen transportation, and it varies in males and females. The normal level of Hb is 14–18 g/dl in men, while in females, it is 12–16 g/dl.

Role of iron in hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a metalloprotein constituted by the action of iron (Fe). The oxygen-carrying capacity of the hemoglobin is mediated by the iron atom. Hemoglobin is composed of four chains, and each one contains a heme group. The iron atom is attached to the heme group.

Iron is a trace element because it is needed in tiny amounts but has a major role in oxygen transportation as the iron atom binds to the oxygen and transports it to different tissues. It is also required for the healthy working of the hemoglobin and red blood cells.

Effects of iron deficiency in blood

Since iron is a trace element, the quantities of this element must be present in optimum amounts. If there is an over-accumulation of iron in the blood, it will damage the organs and lead to iron toxicity. Similarly, the low amount of iron will also cause various problems.

Iron deficiency will occur when the iron levels are poor. It will affect the red blood cell's production and functions, thus leading to anemia. As a result of the low amount of red blood cells, hemoglobin will not transfer the oxygen effectively to the tissues and can lead to weakness, dizziness, and shortness of breath.