Question

Determine the flow rate in \(\mathrm{gtt} / \mathrm{min}\) for each IV using a microdrip, then indicate \(\mathrm{mL} / \mathrm{hr}\) for a controller. (Consider the medication volume as part of the total dilution volume as shown in the chapter.) A child is to receive \(80 \mathrm{mg}\) of a medication. The dosage of \(80 \mathrm{mg}\) is contained in \(2 \mathrm{~mL}\). Dilute to \(80 \mathrm{~mL},\) and infuse in 60 minutes. A \(15-\mathrm{mL}\) flush is to follow. Medication is placed in a burette. Determine the rate in: a. \(\mathrm{gtt} / \mathrm{min}\) b. \(\mathrm{mL} / \mathrm{hr}\)

Short answer

80 gtt/min and 80 mL/hr.

Step-by-step solution

Determine Total Volume

First, calculate the total volume of the solution that will be given to the child. This includes the medication volume and the diluted solution. The given problem states the medication volume is included in the total dilution volume. Therefore, the total volume is already \(80 \text{ mL}\).

Calculate the Flow Rate in Drops per Minute (gtt/min)

Since we need to infuse the 80 mL over 60 minutes using a microdrip, which typically has a drop factor of 60 gtt/mL, calculate the flow rate as follows: \[\text{Flow rate (gtt/min)} = \left( \frac{\text{total volume (mL)}}{\text{time (min)}} \right) \times \text{drop factor (gtt/mL)}\]Substitute the known values:\[\text{Flow rate} = \left( \frac{80}{60} \right) \times 60 = 80 \text{ gtt/min}\]

Determine Contribution of the Flush

After the infusion, a 15 mL flush is needed. The flush does not need precise timing other than ensuring it's delivered without exceeding volume limits or wasting medication.

Calculate the Flow Rate in mL per Hour (mL/hr)

To determine the flow rate in \(\text{mL/hr}\), use the total volume and the time to prescribe the rate over an hour:The total time taken for the medication is 60 minutes for 80 mL. Thus, the hourly rate is directly the same:\[\text{Flow rate (mL/hr)} = \frac{80 \text{ mL}}{60 \text{ min}} \times 60 \text{ min/hr} = 80 \text{ mL/hr}\]

Conclusion

The infusion rate for the IV with microdrip should be 80 gtt/min, and the controller should be set to 80 mL/hr.

Key concepts

Microdrip Infusion

In medical settings, particularly in intravenous (IV) therapy, the term "microdrip" refers to an infusion set that provides small, precise quantities of fluid, typically used for pediatric or neonatal patients. Unlike macrodrip, which dispenses larger quantities of fluid, microdrip sets have a drop factor of 60 drops per milliliter (gtt/mL). This means each milliliter of fluid contains 60 drops.

A key advantage of microdrip infusion is its ability to offer precise control over the flow rate of medications and fluids administered intravenously. This precision is crucial when dealing with sensitive patients, such as children, who require exact volumes for safe medication dosages. Microdrip infusions are also useful when administering medications that require precise titration due to potential toxicities or reactions.

When calculating the microdrip flow rate, you need to determine how fast the fluid should drip into the patient's IV. The formula used is:

• Flow rate (gtt/min) = (Total volume in mL / Time in minutes) x Drop factor (gtt/mL)

In this exercise, given the need to infuse 80 mL over 60 minutes with a 60 gtt/mL set, the calculated flow rate is 80 gtt/min. This ensures the correct volume is administered within the specified timeframe.

Pediatric Medication Dosage

Pediatric medication dosing requires precise calculations because children are more sensitive to both medication doses and fluid volumes. The main goal is to ensure the child receives an effective dose that is both safe and adequate for therapeutic effect, without nearing toxicity levels.

For accurate pediatric dosing, clinicians often calculate the medication dosage based on milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) to account for varying weights among children. In this exercise, the medication dosage specified is 80 mg, which is then diluted into a total volume of 80 mL for administration. This requires a precise dilution since the medication volume is part of the total.

• Careful consideration is made to include the correct concentration of medication in the diluted final volume.
• Small errors in calculation can result in significant differences in administered doses.

This precision is heightened by using microdrip infusion sets to administer medication over a controlled period, minimizing risks of over or under-dosing the pediatric patient.

Intravenous Therapy

Intravenous therapy is a common and crucial medical practice used to deliver fluids, medications, and nutrients directly into a patient’s bloodstream. This method ensures that therapeutic agents reach their target more quickly and with greater control compared to oral or other routes of administration.

In pediatric patients, IV therapy allows for the precise administration of small volume fluids and medications that require steady and controlled delivery. Controlling flow rates in pediatric care is essential due to the patients' smaller blood volumes and reduced tolerance to volume changes.

Several elements are involved in effective intravenous therapy:

• Selection of suitable IV equipment, such as microdrip sets for small volumes.
• Accurate calculation of flow rates to match the prescribed dosages.
• Ongoing monitoring of the patient’s response to treatment to adjust dosing as necessary.

IV therapy, when correctly managed, supports treatment goals while maintaining patient safety.

Fluid Administration

Fluid administration involves delivering a prescribed amount of fluid into a patient’s system, and it is a cornerstone of acute medical and surgical care. This process is customized depending on the patient's needs, whether for hydration, medication delivery, or nutritional support.

In pediatric care, accurate fluid administration is vitally important due to the vulnerability of the population. Children do not tolerate fluid imbalance as well as adults, making accurate calculations and administration key.

Key points of fluid administration include:

• Determining the correct total volume and rate needed for therapy.
• Adjusting for specific treatments, such as including medication or nutrients within the fluids.
• Completing the process with actions like flushing the IV line post-infusion to maintain line patency and deliver the residual volume.

In the provided exercise, the post-medication 15 mL flush is an example, used to ensure the delivery line is clear and the full volume reaches the patient.