Question

Calculate the dosages as indicated. Use the labels where provided. Norepinephrine (Levophed) 2 to \(6 \mathrm{mcg} / \mathrm{min}\) has been ordered to maintain a client's systolic blood pressure at \(100 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}\). The solution concentration is \(2 \mathrm{mg}\) in \(500 \mathrm{~mL}\) D5W. Determine the flow rate setting for a volumetric pump.

Short answer

Set the pump to 30-90 mL/hour to achieve the desired dosage of 2-6 mcg/min.

Step-by-step solution

Convert the drug concentration to a usable form

We are given a concentration of norepinephrine of 2 mg in 500 mL of D5W. First, convert milligrams to micrograms because the dosage is in mcg/min.Since 1 mg = 1000 mcg, we have:\[ 2 \text{ mg} = 2000 \text{ mcg} \]This means the concentration is 2000 mcg in 500 mL.

Calculate concentration per mL

Find the concentration of norepinephrine in mcg per mL by dividing the total micrograms by the total volume in mL:\[ \text{Concentration per mL} = \frac{2000 \text{ mcg}}{500 \text{ mL}} = 4 \text{ mcg/mL} \]

Determine flow rate for given dose

We use the minimum and maximum dosages to find the flow rates. Start with the minimum dose of 2 mcg/min.To find the flow rate in mL/min:\[ \text{Flow rate} = \frac{2 \text{ mcg/min}}{4 \text{ mcg/mL}} = 0.5 \text{ mL/min} \]Now, calculate the flow rate for the maximum dose of 6 mcg/min:\[ \text{Flow rate} = \frac{6 \text{ mcg/min}}{4 \text{ mcg/mL}} = 1.5 \text{ mL/min} \]

Convert flow rate to mL/hour

Since pumps are usually set in mL/hour, convert each flow rate from mL/min to mL/hour by multiplying by 60 (since there are 60 minutes in an hour).For the minimum dose:\[ 0.5 \text{ mL/min} \times 60 = 30 \text{ mL/hour} \]For the maximum dose:\[ 1.5 \text{ mL/min} \times 60 = 90 \text{ mL/hour} \]

Key concepts

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine, often recognized by its brand name Levophed, is a medication used primarily to address life-threatening low blood pressure that may occur during serious medical conditions like sepsis. It acts similarly to adrenaline, causing blood vessels to constrict, which helps in increasing blood pressure. This medication is crucial in maintaining adequate blood flow to essential organs, particularly the heart and brain.
This action makes norepinephrine an invaluable drug in emergency and critical care settings. The typical dose ranges from 2 to 6 mcg per minute, aiming to achieve a specific target, like stabilizing systolic blood pressure.
Understanding its dosage and administration is critical, as it impacts patient safety and treatment efficacy. Preparing norepinephrine involves diluting a concentrated solution, ensuring the administered dose is both effective and safe for the patient.

Volumetric Pump

A volumetric pump is a vital tool in administering intravenous (IV) medications accurately. These pumps are designed to deliver fluids at a precise flow rate, ensuring consistent medication delivery. This precision is essential in critical care, especially when administering potent drugs like norepinephrine.
To set a volumetric pump, healthcare providers must calculate the correct flow rate based on the dosage required, which is then programmed into the pump. The pump takes care of delivering the exact amount per minute or hour, as needed.
In situations where minute changes in dosage can have significant impacts, like with norepinephrine, the use of a volumetric pump helps maintain the desired therapeutic range and supports optimal patient management. It also allows for adjustments based on real-time monitoring of the patient's condition.

Unit Conversion

Unit conversion is a critical step in the accurate calculation of medication dosages. Medical professionals must often convert between different units, like milligrams (mg) and micrograms (mcg), especially in the case of medications like norepinephrine, which are dosed in micrograms per minute.
For norepinephrine, converting from milligrams to micrograms happens by multiplying the amount in milligrams by 1,000, since 1 mg equals 1,000 mcg. This conversion is necessary because precise dosing is crucial in minimizing side effects while maximizing therapeutic benefits.
Failure to perform correct unit conversions can lead to improper dosing, which may either underdose or overdose a patient. This underscores the importance of attention to detail and accuracy in medical calculations, thereby ensuring patient safety and treatment success.

Flow Rate Calculation

Flow rate calculation involves determining how fast a medication needs to be administered to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. When dealing with norepinephrine, calculating the correct flow rate is crucial in managing a patient's blood pressure effectively, using a volumetric pump.
First, the concentration of medication per milliliter (mL) is determined by dividing the total micrograms of norepinephrine by the solution's volume in milliliters. Next, using the required dose, the flow rate in mL per minute is computed by dividing the desired mcg/min dose by the concentration (mcg/mL).
Since pumps typically operate in mL/hour, the final step is converting the flow rate from mL/min to mL/hour. This conversion is done by multiplying the value by 60 (since there are 60 minutes in an hour).
This systematic approach ensures precise medication delivery, adjusting for both minimum and maximum dosages, which supports patient care by maintaining stable blood pressure levels.