Question

Calculate the volume necessary (in milliliters) to provide the dosage ordered, using medication labels where available. Express your answer as a decimal fraction to the nearest tenth where indicated. Order: Lactulose \(30 \mathrm{~g}\) p.o. t.i.d. Available: Lactulose oral solution labeled \(10 \mathrm{~g}\) per \(15 \mathrm{~mL}\) ________

Short answer

The necessary volume is 45 mL.

Step-by-step solution

Understand the Medication Order

The medication order requires 30 g of Lactulose to be administered orally three times a day (t.i.d.). Our task is to determine how many milliliters of the Lactulose oral solution are needed to provide this 30 g dosage.

Identify Medication Solution Concentration

The available medication is a Lactulose oral solution with a concentration of 10 g per 15 mL. This means that every 15 mL of the solution contains 10 grams of Lactulose.

Setup a Proportion to Calculate Volume

To find the volume required to deliver 30 g of Lactulose, we establish a proportion based on the available concentration: \( \frac{10 \, \text{g}}{15 \, \text{mL}} = \frac{30 \, \text{g}}{x \, \text{mL}} \), where \(x\) is the unknown volume we need to find.

Solve the Proportion for the Required Volume

Cross-multiply to solve for \(x\): \( 10x = 30 \times 15 \). Calculate the value: \( 10x = 450 \), so \( x = \frac{450}{10} = 45 \). Thus, 45 mL of the solution is needed to provide 30 g of Lactulose.

Express the Answer Appropriately

The calculated volume is 45 mL. Since the question asks for the answer to the nearest tenth, and 45 mL is already in this form, no further rounding is necessary.

Key concepts

Pharmaceutical Calculations

Pharmaceutical calculations are essential for safe and effective medication management. They ensure the correct dosage is administered, particularly when the medication must be converted to address specific patient requirements. This process requires precision and understanding of the medication's concentration and the patient's needs.
Calculating doses often involves:

• Understanding the prescribed dosage and administration frequency.
• Identifying the concentration of the available medication solution.
• Using mathematical skills to determine the exact volume or amount needed for administration.

These calculations are critical, especially in oral medication administration where liquid forms require precise volume measurements. Ensuring the right dosage can prevent underdosing, which may lead to ineffective treatment, or overdosing, which can cause adverse effects.
In the context of Lactulose, it's important to calculate correctly due to its effects on digestion and absorption. Any miscalculation can affect the intended therapeutic outcome.

Proportion Method

The proportion method is a straightforward calculation tool used in pharmaceutical calculations. It helps find the unknown quantity when it's directly proportional to another known quantity.
Setting up a proportion involves:

• Aligning two ratios equal to each other, where one contains the unknown variable.
• Cross-multiplying to find the value of the unknown.
• Solving for this unknown to determine the required dosage or volume.

For instance, in calculating the volume of a Lactulose solution needed, a proportion is set using the known concentration (10 g per 15 mL) and the required dose (30 g). Solving the proportion: \[\frac{10 \, \text{g}}{15 \, \text{mL}} = \frac{30 \, \text{g}}{x \, \text{mL}} \]involves finding the product of the cross terms and simplifying to find \(x\). This method is reliable and enhances understanding of dosing calculations.

Oral Medication Administration

Oral medication administration is one of the most common methods of delivering drugs. It's convenient, non-invasive, and cost-effective. However, it requires careful dose calculation and administration timing to be effective.
Key considerations include:

• Ensuring the correct dose is taken, which is often determined by pharmaceutical calculations.
• Timing the doses appropriately, as directed (e.g., three times a day as t.i.d.).
• Using the right form of oral medication, whether a liquid, tablet, or capsule, depending on the prescription.

For liquid medications like Lactulose, precision in measurement is crucial. Dosage cups or oral syringes provide more accurate measurements than a kitchen spoon. Correct administration ensures the therapeutic benefits of the medication and reduces potential side effects from dosage errors.