Question

Overproduction of _________ causes acromegaly and gigantism. a. melatonin b. insulin c. growth hormone d. cortisol

Short answer

Overproduction of growth hormone causes acromegaly and gigantism.

Step-by-step solution

Understand the Terms

Acromegaly and gigantism are both conditions related to excessive growth. Acromegaly occurs in adults when bones increase in size, while gigantism happens in children and leads to excessive growth in height.

Define Each Hormone

1. **Melatonin**: Regulates sleep-wake cycles. 2. **Insulin**: Regulates blood glucose levels. 3. **Growth Hormone**: Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration. 4. **Cortisol**: Present in stress response and metabolism regulation.

Identify the Correct Hormone Related to Growth

Since acromegaly and gigantism are associated with excessive growth, we need to identify which hormone promotes growth. Among the options, growth hormone is the one responsible for stimulating growth processes in the body.

Select the Correct Option

Based on the understanding that growth hormone is the one affecting growth, the correct option that would cause acromegaly and gigantism through overproduction is "c. growth hormone."

Key concepts

Growth Hormone

The growth hormone plays a critical role in our bodies by regulating various growth processes. It is produced by the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain. This hormone is crucial during childhood and adolescence for proper physical development.

Key Functions of Growth Hormone:

• Stimulates growth of bones and muscles.
• Encourages the liver to produce an important growth stimulant called insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1).
• Regulates body composition, body fluids, and aids in metabolism.

As we age, the levels of growth hormone gradually decrease, which is why kids and teenagers tend to grow more rapidly compared to adults. Overproduction of this hormone leads to certain disorders, including acromegaly and gigantism, both of which are characterized by abnormal growth.

Acromegaly

Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that occurs when there is excess production of growth hormone in adults. Unlike children, who grow taller when they have too much growth hormone, adults experience growth in a different way.

In individuals with acromegaly, the overabundance of growth hormone leads to:

• Enlargement of bones, particularly those in the hands, feet, and face.
• Thickening of the skin and tissues.
• Complications such as joint pain, cardiovascular issues, and diabetes.

The changes occur gradually, which often means that acromegaly can go unnoticed for years. Treatment typically involves managing the levels of growth hormone through medication, surgery, or radiation.

Gigantism

Gigantism is a rare condition that occurs in children or adolescents when there is an excessive amount of growth hormone. Because the growth plates, or epiphyses, in children’s bones have not yet closed, this hormonal imbalance leads to an unusual increase in height.

Characteristics of Gigantism include:

• A rapid and excessive increase in height.
• Proportionally large hands and feet.
• Possible developmental and health complications, including heart conditions and hormonal imbalances.

Early diagnosis is key in managing gigantism. Effective treatments often focus on controlling growth hormone production through medications, surgery to remove any pituitary tumors producing excess hormone, or sometimes radiation therapy to target problematic cells. By addressing the root cause, these treatments aim to halt or reduce abnormal growth patterns.