Question

Bacteria and archaea that can obtain energy from minerals are the main producers at __________ . a. hydrothermal vents b. estuaries c. coral reefs d. seamounts

Short answer

Hydrothermal vents (option a).

Step-by-step solution

Understand the Context

The question asks about environments where bacteria and archaea obtain energy from minerals, specifically referring to them as primary producers. These environments typically lack sunlight, so producers must rely on chemical energy from minerals.

Define Producers and Environments

In ecosystems, producers are organisms that synthesize their own food. In sunlight-abundant environments, producers use photosynthesis. In environments without sunlight, they use chemosynthesis, a process utilizing chemical energy, often from minerals.

Analyze Each Option

- Hydrothermal vents ( a d in the deep sea, use chemicals from the Earth's crust. - Estuaries ( b d), sunlight reaches and supports photosynthesis. - Coral reefs ( c d), thriving on sunlight-dependent symbiosis. - Seamounts ( d d), underwater mountains that may have diverse but not exclusively chemosynthetic ecosystems.

Conclusion from Analysis

Since hydrothermal vents are environments where sunlight is absent, yet organisms thrive using chemosynthesis to extract energy from minerals, the place where bacteria and archaea can obtain energy from minerals and act as primary producers is hydrothermal vents.

Key concepts

Chemosynthesis

Chemosynthesis is a process by which organisms convert inorganic chemical energy into organic compounds, providing a means of generating energy in environments lacking sunlight. Unlike photosynthesis, which uses light, chemosynthesis draws on the rich mineral and chemical deposits found in areas such as hydrothermal vents. These vents are located deep in the ocean and emit hot, mineral-rich fluids.
The process of chemosynthesis is crucial in sustaining life forms found in such extreme environments, where surface conditions are inhospitable for more conventional forms of primary production. The chemical reactions involved often include substances such as hydrogen sulfide or methane, combined with oxygen to produce water, sulfur, and energy-rich molecules.
In these unique ecosystems, organisms harness the chemical energy to synthesize glucose and other organic molecules, which form the foundation of the food web, supporting a diverse range of species from giant tube worms to deep-sea fish.
This mechanism of energy production illustrates nature's adaptability, allowing life to thrive even in the most seemingly barren environments on our planet.

Bacteria and Archaea

Bacteria and archaea are microscopic organisms that thrive in various environments across the Earth. They are exceptionally versatile and are capable of surviving under extreme conditions like those found at hydrothermal vents.
Their ability to perform chemosynthesis is what makes these microorganisms key primary producers in such environments. While archaea were once considered a form of bacteria, they are now classified under their own domain due to fundamental differences in their genetic makeup and the biochemical properties.
Both bacteria and archaea play essential roles in their ecosystems, often forming symbiotic relationships with other organisms such as the giant tube worms found near hydrothermal vents.
These microorganisms not only sustain the vent communities but also contribute significantly to global biogeochemical cycles. Despite their minuscule size, their ability to efficiently convert inorganic substances into energy supports a rich and complex web of life where no sunlight reaches.

Primary Producers

Primary producers are organisms that create their own food from inorganic substances. They form the first level in the food chain, providing energy and organic materials to other types of organisms, referred to as consumers.
On land and in sunlit ocean waters, plants and algae accomplish this through photosynthesis, utilizing sunlight. In contrast, in the absence of sunlight, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents, chemosynthetic bacteria and archaea step in as the main primary producers.
By harnessing chemical energy stored in minerals erupting from the Earth's crust, these organisms produce the organic matter that fuels the entire ecosystem. This process supports a wide array of life forms, offering a vivid example of an ecosystem depending almost entirely on chemical rather than solar energy.
These bacterial and archaean primary producers provide the foundation for complex vent communities, demonstrating the adaptability and complexity of life in the ocean's deep-sea environments.