Question

A_________ is a molecule that can be used to carry a fragment of DNA into a host organism. a. cloning vector b. chromosome c. GMO d. PCR

Short answer

Answer: a. cloning vector

Step-by-step solution

Identifying Key Concepts

First, we need to understand the purpose of the molecule. The molecule in question is used to "carry a fragment of DNA into a host organism." This type of molecule is typically used in genetic engineering and biotechnology.

Understanding the Options

Let's examine each option: a. Cloning vector: A cloning vector is a vehicle used to transfer genetic material to a host organism. b. Chromosome: A chromosome is a structure that holds the genetic information within a cell. c. GMO (Genetically Modified Organism): A GMO is an organism that has had its DNA modified but is not the tool used for transferring DNA. d. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): PCR is a technique used to amplify DNA, not to transfer it.

Finding the Best Match

The only option that describes a molecule used specifically for carrying DNA fragments into a host organism is a 'cloning vector.' Chromosomes are part of the DNA structure itself, GMOs are the results of genetic modification, and PCR is a technique for amplifying DNA, not transferring it.

Concluding the Solution

Based on the analysis of the given options, 'cloning vector' is the correct answer. It is the term used for a molecule designed to transfer and clone DNA fragments within a host organism.

Key concepts

Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering is the cutting-edge field of science where we manipulate DNA to alter the genetic makeup of organisms. At its core, this technology allows scientists to add, delete, or modify specific genes, effectively redesigning the organism's genetic structure.

In a laboratory setting, carriers known as 'cloning vectors' are essential tools for genetic engineers. These vectors are like molecular shuttles that transport genetic material between different organisms. A classic example is the use of a plasmid, a small circular DNA molecule, which can be introduced into bacteria. This capacity to move genes allows scientists to study gene functions or produce beneficial proteins, such as insulin or growth hormones.

The process is meticulously controlled and involves enzymes that cut and paste DNA, ensuring the genes are inserted precisely where needed. Genetic engineering holds promise for numerous applications, from agriculture to medicine, drastically changing how we can solve complex biological challenges.

DNA Transfer

DNA transfer is the process by which genetic material is moved from one organism to another. This process is a cornerstone in fields such as genetic engineering and biotechnology. It enables the modification of organisms and helps in understanding gene function and expression.

Key methods of DNA transfer include:

• Transformation: Uptake of naked DNA molecules by a cell from the surrounding environment.
• Transduction: DNA transfer mediated by viruses, where viral particles carry genetic material into host cells.
• Conjugation: Direct transfer of DNA between two temporarily connected bacterial cells.

Cloning vectors are pivotal to successful DNA transfers. These vectors can carry new genes into a host organism, ensuring that the foreign DNA is replicated and expressed. Their role is indispensable because without these vectors, transferring DNA in a functional form into host cells would be significantly more challenging.

Ultimately, efficient DNA transfer equipment like cloning vectors enable breakthroughs in creating genetically modified organisms, studying gene functions, and even treating genetic disorders.

Biotechnology

Biotechnology harnesses biological systems and organisms to create commercial and practical applications, benefiting various industries. At the heart of this field is the ability to manipulate DNA, which is facilitated through techniques like genetic engineering and DNA transfer.

This science spans several areas including:

• Medical: Developing pharmaceuticals like vaccines through genetically engineered microbes.
• Agricultural: Producing crops with enhanced traits such as pest resistance or increased yield.
• Environmental: Designing microbes that can clean up oil spills or detoxify pollutants.

A fundamental element of biotechnology is the cloning vector. It’s the tool that makes genetic transformation possible. These vectors allow for the precise control over where and how genes are modified within an organism.

Innovations in biotechnology continue to advance, with scientists continually finding new ways to apply these technologies for humanity's benefit. As the technology progresses, it is not only reshaping industries but also opening doors to sustainable solutions for some of the world's most pressing problems.