Question

A urologist identifies cells in a man's urethra as bacterial. Which of the following descriptions applies to the cells? a. They have sex pili, which give them motility. b. They have flagella, which allow them to remain in one position in the urethral tube. c. They are covered by a capsule, which enables them to multiply quickly. d. They are covered by pili, which keep them attached to the urethral walls. e. They contain a peptidoglycan cell wall, which gives them buoyancy to float in the fluids of the urethra.

Short answer

The cells are covered by pili, which keep them attached to the urethral walls.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Bacterial Cell Structures

Analyze the given options in the context of bacterial cell structures and functions. Bacteria can have various structures such as pili, flagella, and capsules. Pili are small hair-like structures used for adhesion to surfaces or for conjugation. Flagella are whip-like structures that provide motility. Capsules are gelatinous envelopes that protect from phagocytosis and can help in adhesion.

Evaluating Incorrect Options Based on Bacterial Cell Characteristics

Discard any option with incorrect implications about the structures. For example, sex pili are not primarily for motility, this invalidates option (a). Flagella provide motility and do not cause bacteria to remain static, thus option (b) is also incorrect. While capsules can enhance bacterial multiplication, they do not directly enable it as in option (c). Peptidoglycan cell walls provide structural integrity rather than buoyancy, eliminating option (e).

Selecting the Correct Option

Based on known functions, pili help bacteria adhere to surfaces. Thus, option (d), 'They are covered by pili, which keep them attached to the urethral walls,' is accurate as it reflects the correct role of pili for bacteria in the urethra.

Key concepts

Pili and Bacterial Adhesion

Bacterial pili are like the grappling hooks of the microbial world, playing a critical role in securing bacteria to various surfaces, including the human body's cells. Interestingly, not all pili are created equal. While some pili, termed fimbriae, are utilized by bacteria to adhere stubbornly to surfaces, others known as conjugative pili are involved in a process called bacterial conjugation. This is akin to a microscopic rendezvous where two bacteria share genetic material, a process that can lead to the spread of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria.

In the urinary tract, adherence is a vital survival mechanism. Pili enable uropathogenic bacteria to latch onto the cells lining the urethra, bladder, and kidneys, which could explain why, despite the flow of urine, some infections persist. By anchoring themselves, these microorganisms resist being flushed away, allowing them to colonize and infect the urinary tract.

Bacterial Flagella and Motility

Bacteria are incessant explorers, and their propeller, the flagellum, empowers them to traverse the diverse environments they encounter. These whip-like appendages are extremely versatile and can rotate like a boat's propeller to push bacteria through their aquatic habitats, allowing them to seek out optimal conditions for survival, such as areas with abundant nutrients or suitable temperatures.

In terms of their structure, flagella are complex molecular machines consisting of protein subunits. It's remarkable how these microscopic structures can sense and react to chemical signals in their environment—a behavior known as chemotaxis. Chemotaxis assists bacteria in swimming toward beneficial substances or evading harmful ones. It's not just about swimming aimlessly, it's a sophisticated behavior that significantly contributes to a bacterium's ability to infect a host.

Bacterial Capsules

Representing the armor within the microbial arsenal, bacterial capsules serve as a formidable shield, warding off the host's immune defenses. These structures are usually composed of polysaccharides and form a thick, jelly-like layer around the bacterial cell wall. The capsule is richly hydrated, and this water-infused barrier protects bacteria from desiccation and antimicrobial agents.

But the capsule is more than just a simple shield; it's also sneaky—it can mask bacteria, making them less recognizable to the immune system. This characteristic enables some bacteria to evade phagocytosis, where immune cells engulf and digest invaders. Furthermore, capsules provide a sticky surface that facilitates adherence to host tissues, giving bacteria a better chance to establish an infection before the immune system can launch a proper attack. The role of the capsule in bacterial pathogenicity is nuanced, but its contribution to bacterial defense mechanisms is undeniably significant.