Question

The nutrition of some plants is enhanced by a mutually beneficial association between a root and a fungus. The association is known as a a. root nodule c. root hair b. mycorrhiza d. hypha

Short answer

The correct answer is b. mycorrhiza.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Terminology

First, let's understand the options given in the problem. A root nodule is a swelling on a root, often containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Root hair is a small outgrowth on a root, increasing surface area for absorption. Mycorrhiza is a partnership between a fungus and plant roots, benefiting both. Hyphae are the thread-like structures of fungi.

Identifying the Correct Association

The problem asks about an association between a root and a fungus that benefits both. Review the definitions: mycorrhiza specifically describes such a mutually beneficial association where fungi enhance plant nutrition.

Selecting the Correct Answer

Based on the definitions, mycorrhiza is the correct term for the mutually beneficial association between plant roots and a fungus. This partnership typically helps the plant absorb more nutrients while the fungus receives carbohydrates from the plant.

Key concepts

Mutualism

In the natural world, many species form mutually beneficial relationships to support each other’s survival. This concept is known as mutualism. It describes an interaction between two different organisms where both parties gain benefits, ensuring a balanced give-and-take system.
Mycorrhiza serves as a perfect example of mutualism in the plant kingdom. This partnership occurs between a plant’s roots and a fungus, whereby both participants receive a reward. The plant, needing nutrients to grow, benefits when the fungus enhances the absorption of essential minerals from the soil. In return, the fungus receives carbohydrates from the plant—carbohydrates that are products of photosynthesis.
This reciprocal relationship is crucial, especially in nutrient-poor soils where plants may struggle to acquire sufficient nutrients on their own. So, mutualism in ecosystems not only boosts survival rates but also maintains ecological balance.

Plant Nutrition

All plants require specific nutrients to grow, thrive, and reproduce. These nutrients include macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as micronutrients like iron and zinc. However, not all nutrients are readily available in the soil. This is where the role of mycorrhiza becomes important in enhancing plant nutrition.
Fungi associated with plant roots in mycorrhizal relationships specialize in absorbing nutrients that plants often find hard to reach or utilize. Their presence extends the root system through their intricate network of hyphae, increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption. This enables plants to access phosphorus, a vital element in energy transfer and photosynthesis, more effectively.
Therefore, through mycorrhizal associations, plants are better equipped to acquire nutrient-rich resources from their environment, promoting healthier growth and productivity.

Fungal Associations

Fungal associations, particularly with plant roots, are a widespread phenomenon in ecosystems. One primary form of this association is mycorrhiza. But what makes these fungal partnerships so effective in nature?
Fungal hyphae form a large network that penetrates and wraps around plant roots. This setup is instrumental in increasing the surface area for nutrient exchange between the soil, the fungus, and the plant. Moreover, fungi can penetrate deeper layers of soil, accessing water and minerals unavailable to plant roots alone.
These associations are crucial not only for nutrient exchange but also for protecting plants against pathogens, preventing soil erosion, and aiding in carbon storage. By engaging in these relationships, fungi play a vital role in sustaining plant health and resilience in diverse environments. Understanding fungal associations through mycorrhiza highlights the intricate web of interactions that sustain life on Earth.