Question

Two species of birds feed on similar types of insects and nest in the same species of tree. This is an example of a. intraspecific competition. b. interference competition. c. exploitation competition. d. mutualism. e. none of the above.

Short answer

c. exploitation competition

Step-by-step solution

Analyze The Given Information

In the exercise, the statement provided explains two species of birds are competing for the same types of resources - insects for food and same tree species for nesting. This is a competition, but it's not within the same species, so it cannot be intraspecific competition. It is also not mutualism because both species are not benefiting from each other. The critical part will be understanding the difference between interference competition and exploitation competition.

Identify The Correct Type Of Competition

The key to differentiating between interference and exploitation competition lies in whether the competition for resources is direct or indirect. Interference competition refers to direct physical competition for resources, which does not seem to be the case in the problem. On the other hand, exploitation competition is when species indirectly compete with each other by consuming shared resources, making them less readily available to others. As a result, the proper interaction based on the description provided would be exploitation competition.

Key concepts

Interference Competition

Interference competition occurs when organisms directly interact with each other to gain access to resources. This kind of competition often involves confrontations or physical interactions that prevent other organisms from using resources. For example, animals might engage in fights, territorially defend areas, or use other aggressive behaviors to limit competitor access to food, mates, or habitats.

This type of competition is quite direct and can be seen in many terrestrial ecosystems where physical prowess, aggression, or even psychic warfare can be traits that help establish dominance in utilizing resources. In interference competition, it's less about who uses the resource first and more about who controls access to it. Consequently, the critical factor in interference competition is the ability of one organism to hinder another's access to the resource, rather than merely consuming it first.

• Often involves direct aggression or territoriality.
• Common in animal species with established territories.
• Competes through control rather than consumption alone.

Intraspecific Competition

Intraspecific competition is when members of the same species compete for the same resources. This form of competition is crucial to understand because it affects population dynamics and ecosystem structure. When organisms of the same species vie for resources such as food, water, or light, infraspecific competition ensues.

This form of competition is vital for natural selection because it can lead to evolutionary changes. Traits that improve an individual's ability to compete are often passed on to future generations. For instance, faster growth rates, better nutrient storage abilities, or even early flowering in plants can be the result of intraspecific competition.

• Occurs within a single species.
• Influences natural selection and evolution.
• Can lead to resource allocation adjustments and innovations.

Mutualism

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both parties involved benefit from the interaction. This contrasts with competitive interactions, where one or both parties face diminished resources or aggression. In mutualism, both organisms involved receive a net benefit, enhancing their survival, reproduction, or other fitness-related aspects.

Classic examples of mutualism include bees that pollinate flowers while obtaining nectar as a food source, and certain fungi that live in association with plant roots, aiding them in nutrient absorption while receiving carbohydrates in return. Mutualistic relationships can be very specialized or more general, but in all cases, both species gain benefits, often leading to increased biodiversity and ecosystem resilience.

• Both organisms benefit from the interaction.
• Contributes to ecosystem resilience and diversity.
• Examples include pollination, seed dispersal, and gut flora in organisms.