Question

Which is considered an advantage of sexual reproduction? a. necessity to locate a mate b. increased energy expenditure in producing gametes that may not be used in reproduction c. increased genetic variation d. decreased genetic variation e. both a and b

Short answer

The correct answer is option c. Increased genetic variation is a known advantage of sexual reproduction as it promotes diversity and adaptability within a species.

Step-by-step solution

Eliminate Incorrect Choices

Let's start by eliminating the options that are clearly not advantages. Options a, b and d are not considered advantages of sexual reproduction. Locating a mate (a) and wasting energy on producing unused gametes (b) are typically viewed as challenges or cons, not pros. Additionally, decreased genetic variation (d) would also not be seen as beneficial, as it could harm a species' capacity for survival and adaptation.

Identify the Correct Answer

From the remaining options, it is clear that 'increased genetic variation' (c) is an advantage of sexual reproduction. The ability to mix genes from two parents, inherent to sexual reproduction, is key for fostering diversity within a species. It helps populations adapt to changing environments, improving their chances for survival.

Key concepts

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the cornerstone of a species' ability to flourish over time. In the realm of sexual reproduction, it is considered a substantial perk. Unlike asexual reproduction, where offspring are typically clones of a single parent, sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two distinct individuals. This mixing of genes during the formation of gametes (sperm and eggs) introduces new genetic combinations in the offspring.
This process is facilitated by mechanisms such as meiosis and fertilization. During meiosis, chromosomes are shuffled and genetic material is exchanged between them in a process called recombination. The fertilization that follows brings together genes from each parent, ensuring that each offspring is genetically unique.

Significance in Evolution and Survival

Increased genetic diversity within a population gives rise to a greater range of phenotypes - the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism. Diversity in traits can offer a survival advantage; some individuals might possess variations that are particularly suited for a changing environment, enabling them to thrive and pass these advantageous genes onto the next generation. This is the basis for natural selection, a central concept in evolution.

Reproduction Strategies

Reproduction strategies in the natural world vary greatly, but when it comes to sexual reproduction, strategy plays a key role in the success of a species.

Energy Investment

While the text mentions the energy expenditure in producing gametes as a disadvantage, there's an inherent strategy in this process. Organisms that reproduce sexually often have evolved sophisticated ways to find mates and ensure that the energy put into gamete production is not wasted. For instance, many species exhibit special behaviors or develop striking physical traits that enable them to attract partners, thus optimizing the chances of successful mating.

Mate Selection

Another strategic aspect of sexual reproduction is mate selection. By choosing mates with optimal traits, an individual can increase the likelihood that its offspring will inherit advantageous characteristics. This selective pairing, known as sexual selection, is a powerful driver for the development of desirable traits within a population. Reproduction strategies, particularly in sexual reproduction, are thus critical for not only individual success but also for the overall health and evolution of a species.

Sexual Reproduction Adaptation

Adaptation through sexual reproduction is a dynamic process enabling species to cope with environmental changes over time. As the exercise solution suggests, the genetic variation provided by sexual reproduction is invaluable for adaptation.

Adapting to Changing Environments

Environments are in a constant state of flux, and species face ongoing challenges such as climate change, diseases, and competition for resources. Sexual reproduction allows for a spread of different genetic traits which may confer an advantage in particular conditions, allowing those individuals better adapted to survive and reproduce more successfully.
The adaptation process through sexual reproduction is not instantaneous but occurs over many generations. With each cycle of mating and offspring production, natural selection acts on the genetic diversity within a population. Those with traits that enhance their ability to survive and reproduce will pass on these traits at a higher rate, while less advantageous traits may dwindle in frequency or disappear. Over time, this shapes the species, molding it to be better suited to its environment and increasing its long-term viability.