Question

What are iPS cells? a. cells taken from early human embryos b. cells taken from the pancreas of people without diabetes c. cells derived by de-differentiating specialized adult cells d. cells derived by differentiating pancreas precursor cells

Short answer

c. cells derived by de-differentiating specialized adult cells

Step-by-step solution

Understand the term iPS cells

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are a type of pluripotent stem cell artificially derived from a somatic (adult) cell, by inducing a "forced" expression of specific genes. These iPS cells have the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body, similar to embryonic stem cells.

Analyzing the given options

Now that we understand the nature of iPS cells, let's analyze each option: a. cells taken from early human embryos - This option describes embryonic stem cells, not iPS cells. b. cells taken from the pancreas of people without diabetes - This option describes a specific type of adult cells, but not iPS cells. c. cells derived by de-differentiating specialized adult cells - This option is consistent with the definition and characteristics of iPS cells, which are artificially derived from adult cells and possess the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body. d. cells derived by differentiating pancreas precursor cells - This option describes a process that occurs during organ development, not iPS cells generation.

Select the correct answer

Based on the analysis of the options, the correct answer is: c. cells derived by de-differentiating specialized adult cells.

Key concepts

Pluripotent Stem Cells

Pluripotent stem cells are remarkable cells with the ability to become almost any type of cell in the body. This unique feature makes them highly valuable in scientific research and medical applications. These cells are like a blank canvas, holding vast potential for transformation.
A distinctive aspect of pluripotent stem cells is their developmental flexibility. They can give rise to cell types found in various tissues, such as muscle, nerve, or blood cells. This transformative ability stems from their genetic composition, which allows them to behave like embryonic cells without ethical concerns.
In the context of development, pluripotent cells are crucial. They play a fundamental role in embryogenesis, where they form three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These layers eventually differentiate into all tissues and organs in the body, highlighting the importance of pluripotent cells as the foundation for life.

Cell Differentiation

Cell differentiation is a fascinating process where a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. This process is essential for creating diverse cell types that perform specific functions within an organism.
This process involves a series of step-by-step changes, where the cellular structure and functions are altered according to its new role. It's like a caterpillar transforming into a butterfly, showcasing nature's flexibility in cell development.
The differentiation process is guided by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors, such as genetic instructions, direct a cell's differentiation internally. Extrinsic factors, like chemical signals from nearby cells, help shape the cell's path externally. These factors work together to ensure that cells differentiate systematically, forming the complex structures necessary for life.
• Ensures proper development and functioning of tissues • Allows regeneration and repair of body parts • Plays a vital role in response to environmental changes

Stem Cell Research

Stem cell research investigates the properties and applications of stem cells in medicine and biology. It holds promise for treating numerous diseases, unveiling new biology insights, and advancing therapeutic techniques.
One exciting application of stem cell research is regenerative medicine, where scientists aim to repair or replace damaged tissues or organs. For instance, using stem cells to treat degenerative diseases like Parkinson's or restoring heart tissue post-heart attack, represents just the tip of the iceberg.
Furthermore, scientists use stem cells to model diseases and test drugs. As stem cells can replicate endlessly and differentiate into specific types, they are ideal for creating disease models in the lab. This enables researchers to understand disease mechanisms and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
• Offers potential cures for previously incurable diseases • Enables growth of tissues and organs for transplantation • Enhances our understanding of human development and disease mechanisms